Persistent diarrhoea has been identified as a major source of morbidity in the developing world. This study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors of persistent diarrhoea in children below five years of age. The data used is from a prospective analytical case control study carried out in the Department of Paediatrics, Dow Medical College and Civil Hospital, Karachi, during 1993-94. A total ...

Purpose Cromakalim prodrug 1 (CKLP1) is a water-soluble ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener that has shown ocular hypotensive properties in ex vivo and in vivo experimental models. To determine its mechanism of action, we assessed the effect of CKLP1 on aqueous humor dynamics and in combination therapy with existing ocular hypotensive agents. Methods Outflow facility was assessed in C57BL/...

Previous to 9-11, it was assumed that a combination of small-scale bench testing plus dimensional analysis would be sufficient to model fate and transport of chemical and biological (CB) contaminants in water systems. Water security is a life safety issue. Water supply systems on military installations and forward facilities are vulnerable to both conventional, industrial and military CB agent ...

Composting is a solid waste treatment method that being widely applied in a larger scale treatment facility due to its advantage on energy consumption and low-level technologies aspects. However, composting that currently being applied to a largescale treatment facility is lack of systematic approaching, which is resulted in adverse effects on quality of final product, time cost, energy cost an...

The safe disposal of liquid wastes associated with oil and gas production in the United States is a major challenge given their large volumes and typically high levels of contaminants. In Pennsylvania, oil and gas wastewater is sometimes treated at brine treatment facilities and discharged to local streams. This study examined the water quality and isotopic compositions of discharged effluents,...

Waste water treatment facilities clean sewage water from households and industry in several cleaning steps. Such facilities are dimensioned to accommodate amaximum intake. However, in the case of very bad weather conditions or failures of system components, the systemmight not be able to accommodate all waste water. This paper models a real waste water treatment facility, situated in the city o...

The Lake Urmia and its satellite wetlands have been selected as a demonstration site for the United Nations Development Program / Global Environment Facility / Department of Environment Conservation of Iranian Wetlands Project. This project aims to demonstrate reduction of the major threats of this wetland protected area coordinated through an integrated management plan. A choice experiment was...

Fifty-nine stream-water samples and 14 municipal wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) discharge samples in Johnson County, northeastern Kansas, were analyzed for 55 compounds collectively described as organic wastewater compounds (OWCs). Stream-water samples were collected upstream, in, and downstream from WWTF discharges in urban and rural areas during base-flow conditions. The effect of secon...

The safety and security of water supplies have come under reassessment in the United States in recent years. Issues ranging from public safety and health, ecological, and national security are under consideration. The terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 and the subsequent delivery of Anthrax-contaminated letters through the mail raised concerns about protecting U.S. cit...

Chlorinated textile effluents were tested for their toxicity using different bioassays. These assays were the Microtox assay, daphnia (Daphnia similis) 48-hr survival test, medaka embryo 14-day and juvenile 96-hr survival tests, and tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) juvenile 96-hr survival test. By comparing the results of toxicity tests on water samples collected at the instream prior to the c...