High concentration of nitrate is a prevalent problem in water resources. Untreated wastewater due to municipal, industrial and agricultural activities is the main potential source of nitrate contamination of groundwater and surface water. The maximum permissible level of nitrate concentration has been established to be 45 mg/L by WHO and US–EPA. Health problems, such as Methemoglobinemia in bab...

In cyber-physical systems, communications, computing, and information about the system's requirements and operational state are used to streamline and fortify physical operations. Techniques exist for assessment, modeling, and simulation of physical and cyber infrastructures, respectively, but such isolated analysis is incapable of fully capturing the interdependencies that occur when they inte...

Infrastructure can be defined as physical assets that are capable of an intended service delivery, comprising of rigid assets such as buildings, roads, bridges, and facilities, as well as flexible assets such as utilities and facilities related to water, sewage, power etc. including their systems and machinery. Infrastructure systems can be viewed as a structured network of interdependent mecha...

In recent decade, development of telecommunications infrastructure has led to rapid exchange of data between the distribution network components and the control center in many developed countries. These changes, considering the numerous benefits of the Distributed Generators (DGs), have made more motivations for distribution companies to utilize these kinds of generators more than ever before. ...

Studies of collective action in commons dilemmas in social-ecological systems typically focus on scenarios in which actors all share symmetric (or similar) positions in relation to the common-pool resource. Many common social-ecological systems do not meet these criteria, most notably, irrigation systems. Participants in irrigation systems must solve two related collective action problems: 1) t...

Controlling the microbiological quality of water is important for its uses. Microbiological requirements of drinking water ensure the absence of coliforms, but may indicate the potential presence of other potentially pathogenic microorganisms and viruses of fecal origin. A total of 36 water samples, representing the drinking water of the whole city of Aradan, Semnan, Iran, were randomly collect...

The main objective of this study is to develop a methodology that integrates indicators for performance assessment of small drinking water utilities. The investigation entails 10 water utilities in the Province of Québec (Canada) that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of runoff, and apply chlorination as the only treatment before distribution. All 10 water utilities we...