Climate has always been changing during the lifetime of the earth, and has appeared in the form of the ice age, hurricanes, severe and sudden temperature changes, precipitation and other climatic elements, and has dramatically influenced the environment, and in some cases has caused severe changes and even destructions. Some of the most important aspects of climate changes can be found in preci...

1. Water requirements, water balance components and dependence on exogenous water were estimated in four species of sympatric rodents inhabiting a Chilean semi-arid region. 2. A significant increase in free water drinking was observed in all rodents when the diet composition was changed from 14 to 20% protein. 3. Under water balance conditions the cricetid species (Phyllotis darwini, Oryzomys l...

This study evaluates seven evapotranspiration models and their performance in water balance studies by using lysimeter measurement data at the Mönchengladbach hydrological and meteorological station in Germany. Of the seven evapotranspiration models evaluated, three models calculate actual evapotranspiration directly using the complementary relationship approach, i.e. the CRAE model of Morton, ...

water balance components are difficult to measure in short intervals because their measurement is time consuming and costly. therefore, soil-water--plant models can be used for prediction of these components. in this study, to predict grain yield and evaluate water use efficiency, an agro-hydrological model, namely, swap was used. this study covered a 10-years period from 2000-2010. based on th...

We examined the effect of body water deficits on standing balance and sought to determine if plasma hyperosmolality (P(osm)) and/or volume reduction (%ΔV(plasma)) exerted independent effects. Nine healthy volunteers completed three experimental trials which consisted of a euhydration (EUH) balance test, a water deficit session and a hypohydration (HYP) balance test. Hypohydration was achieved b...

Since Smith (1930) and Keys (1933) studied water and electrolyte exchanges in the eel much work has been done on osmoregulatory problems in teleosts, and the fundamental principles of osmoregulation in this group have now been established. The freshwater teleost drinks little and urinates abundantly to compensate for osmotic water uptake through the gill; the marine teleost drinks abundantly ('...

Healthy humans regulate daily water balance remarkably well across their lifespan despite changes in biological development and exposure to stressors on hydration status. Acute or chronic body water deficits result when intakes are reduced or losses increase, but day-to-day hydration is generally well maintained so long as food and fluid are readily available. Total water intake includes drinki...