Ensuring reliable access to clean and affordable water is one of the greatest global challenges of this century. As the world's population increases, water pollution becomes more complex and difficult to remove, and global climate change threatens to exacerbate water scarcity in many areas, the magnitude of this challenge is rapidly increasing. Wastewater reuse is becoming a common necessity, e...

Pharmaceuticals have an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease in both humans and animals. Since they are designed either to be highly active or interact with receptors in humans and animals or to be toxic for many infectious organisms, they may also have unintended effects on animals and microorganisms in the environment. Therefore, the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds...

This paper illustrates necessary conditions of optimality for single component water-using networks in process plants. These necessary conditions correspond to the optimal water allocation planning (WAP) problem that considers wastewater reuse on the basis of a single contaminant and where the objective is to minimize the total water intake. The conditions under which degenerate solutions are p...