Due to the efficient product separation and catalyst immobilization, multi-phase catalytic systems are attractive for industrial applications. Nevertheless, it is usually difficult to decouple reaction and mass transfer kinetics such that the experimental determination of reaction kinetics is masked by mass transfer effects. A novel incremental identification methodology tailored to homogeneous...

This review presents a summary of reactions performed using microwave irradiation. This green processes have resulted through use of less or no catalyst, readily recyclable solvents and yield that are often higher than conventional method. It also focus on the principle of microwave activation, various types of Microwave Reactor and its characteristics.

The chemical reactions are very complex, and include oscillation, condensation, catalyst and self-organization, etc. In these case changes of entropy may increase or decrease. The second law of thermodynamics is based on an isolated system and statistical independence. If fluctuations magnified due to internal interactions exist in the system, entropy will decrease possibly. In chemical reactio...

In general terms, submicron particles can be prepared either by disintegration of larger entities, or by synthesis from small building blocks such as atoms, ions or molecules. By comparison to disintegration techniques, the latter approach provides efficient access to particles down to the nanometer size regime; and it can allow for the controlled synthesis of particles in terms of size, size d...

Reactions of organic molecules on Montmorillonite clay mineral have been investigated from various aspects. These include catalytic reactions for organic synthesis, chemical evolution, the mechanism of humus-formation, and environmental problems. Catalysis by clay minerals has attracted much interest recently, and many reports including the catalysis by synthetic or modified clays have been pub...

A catalyst system composed of a 2,6-bis(arylimino)pyridineiron(II) dichloride complex and methylaluminoxane is found to be extremely active for acetylene polymerisation. The formation of poly(acetylene) gels and surface films occurs at very low catalyst concentrations, around three orders of magnitude lower than traditional catalyst systems.

The addition of phenols to aryl-substituted alkynes to form 1,1-diarylalkenes was carried out by using the Fe-Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The catalyst showed remarkable improvement in time and yield in comparison to other solid catalysts. The heterogeneous catalyst can be reused at least three times without a significant loss in activity.

Platinum (Pt) catalyst was formed on the surface of carbon black using an in-liquid plasma method. The formed Pt catalyst showed the average particle size of 4.1 nm. This Pt catalyst was applied to a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC showed an open voltage of 0.85 V and a maximum output power density of 216 mW/cm2.

A simple Pd/SiO2 catalyst which was modified with the ionic liquid [BMPL][DCA] gave an excellent yield of 88% towards cis-2-hexene in the stereoselective hydrogenation of 2-hexyne. The catalyst outperforms, even at full conversion, the commonly used lead-poisoned, toxic Lindlar catalyst and supported colloidal-based Pd as well.