We present the first atomic-resolution observations of permeation and gating in a K(+) channel, based on molecular dynamics simulations of the Kv1.2 pore domain. Analysis of hundreds of simulated permeation events revealed a detailed conduction mechanism, resembling the Hodgkin-Keynes "knock-on" model, in which translocation of two selectivity filter-bound ions is driven by a third ion; formati...

The Under-frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) scheme has been used by utility companies around the world to mitigate frequency drop caused by simultaneous or cascading tripping of transmission lines and/or generators in a power system. In the effort to devise an optimal load shedding scheme, it is imperative that investigations are done on the many factors that may affect the response of the scheme ...

abstract: one the most important problems in recent sensitive loads is the quality of voltage. for this challenge custom power devices are used in distribution systems. dynamic voltage restorer (dvr) is a custom power device that improves voltage, decrease power distortion, filter harmonics and balance distributed generations (dgs) with low voltage distribution system. in this paper, a new algo...

Although several studies have investigated the effect of degradation on the behavior of structures, investigations on collapse margin ratios are rare in the literature. In this study, the effect of strength and stiffness degradation on collapse capacity of steel moment frames is investigated. The aim is to determine margin of safety against collapse using a probabilistic approach. For this reas...

The answer may be yes. A discrete model of energy-conserved wavefunction collapse is proposed. It is shown that the model is consistent with existing experiments and our macroscopic experience.

This study examines a new approach to selecting the locations of unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) in power system networks based on a dynamic analysis of voltage stability. Power system voltage stability indices (VSIs) including the line stability index (LQP), the voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI), and the line stability index (Lmn) are employed to identify the most suitable loc...

Clustering a power system is very useful for the purpose of voltage stability control. However, the methods have developed usually have computational inefficiency. This paper presents a new cluster bus technique using Kohonen neural network for the purpose of forming bus clusters in power systems from the voltage stability viewpoint. This cluster formation will simplify voltage control in power...

[1] We present a detailed investigation of X-ray emission from long laboratory sparks in air at atmospheric pressure. We studied 231 sparks of both polarities using a 1-MV Marx generator with gap lengths ranging from 10 to 140 cm. The X rays generated by the discharges were measured using five NaI/PMT detectors plus one plastic scintillator/PMT detector, all enclosed in 0.32-cm-thick aluminum b...

Optimal Location of FACTS devices are very important for the rapid and successful operation because of high cost and circuit complexities. In this paper best location of UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller) is obtained both for static and transient voltage stability enhancement of an IEEE 14 bus power system. The simulation is done on PSAT (Power System Analysis Tool-box) in MATLAB and optimal ...