In his development of formal semantics for natural language Montague [1970a]– Montague [1973], Richard Montague modeled the meaning (Frege’s sense) of a term A by its Carnap intension CI(A), the function which assigns to each state a, specifying a “possibleworld”, “time” and“context of use”, the denotationden(A)(a) of A in that state. Now this is surely not right: among other things, it makes “...

Recent work on the problem of detecting synonymy through corpus analysis has used the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) as a benchmark. However, this test involves as few as 80 questions, prompting questions regarding the statistical significance of reported results. We overcome this limitation by generating a TOEFL-like test using WordNet, containing thousands of questions and comp...

background: the main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of play therapy training to mothers of autistic children on verbal and non-verbal improvement of their children. m aterials and methods: 30 autistic children with intermediate degree of autism were selected based on availability sampling procedure and were divided into experimental and control groups. having ...

The genus and its five known species are redescribed P. jicaquei sp. nov. is described. Synonymies include beckeri Zang, 1905 with opacipennis (Thompson, 1857) (new synonymy), mandibularis Casey, 1914 burmeisteri Kuwert, 1891 magister 1897 mniszechi Kaup, 1868 densipennis kraatzi 1898 synonymy). We a phylogenetic analysis, keys for larvae adults, biogeographic information each species. occurs f...

In this paper we describe a comparison among three systems that estimate semantic similarity between words: Latent Semantic Analysis (Landauer & Dumais, 1997), Pointwise Mutual Information (Turney, 2001), and Generalized Latent Semantic Analysis (Matveeva, Levow, Farahat, & Royer, 2005). We compare all these techniques on a unique corpus (TASA) and, for PMI and GLSA, we also report performance ...

We have developed an interactive query refinement tool that helps users search a knowledge base for solutions to problems with electronic equipment. The system is targeted towards non-technical users, who are often unable to formulate precise problem descriptions on their own. Two distinct but interrelated functionalities support the refinement of a vague, non-technical initial query into a mor...

The species of the genus Charisius Champion, from Mexico and Central America are reviewed. The flightless genus Narses Champion, with one included species, N. subalatus Champion, is placed in synonymy with the genus Charisius. Four new species are described and illustrated, C. granulatus and C. punctatus (from Guatemala) and C. apterus and C. howdenorum (from Mexico). Charisius subalatus (Champ...

Wiktionary, a satellite of the Wikipedia initiative, can be seen as a potential resource for Natural Language Processing. It requires however to be processed before being used efficiently as an NLP resource. After describing the relevant aspects of Wiktionary for our purposes, we focus on its structural properties. Then, we describe how we extracted synonymy networks from this resource. We prov...

Text information processing depends critically on the proper text representation. A common and naïve way of representing a document is a bag of its component words [1], but the semantic relations between words are ignored, such as synonymy and hypernymy-hyponymy between nouns. This paper presents a model for representing a document in terms of the synonymy sets (synsets) in WordNet [2]. The syn...

The monotypic genera Paleotachina Townsend, 1921 and Electrotachina Townsend, 1938 were originally described as fossils in amber but were later discovered to be inclusions in copal. Both taxa were originally assigned to the Tachinidae (Diptera) and this placement has continued to the present day. The holotypes of the two type species, P. smithii Townsend and E. smithii Townsend, were examined a...