Along with the growth of marine tourism industry, number global cruise tourists is rapidly increasing; competition among regions to attract increasing. The current study aims verify that industry can be sustainable through its inherent power for long-term balanced convergence within and flexibly respond external shocks such as COVID-19. This applies Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) estimate...

This paper investigates the relationship between natural gas consumption, price, crude oil Foreign direct Investment and per capita GDP in Nigeria to ascertain their causal effects dependencies by using time series data from 1990 2020 an econometric platform Vector Error Correction model (VECM). The result of VECM estimate, Granger causality test Variance decomposition all suggest presence a st...

A decision-directed (DD) channel estimation based on iterative linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. Existing DD channel estimation is well known to have the problem of error propagation because of symbol-by-symbol detection. The proposed algorithm can estimate the correction term of current channel state information (CSI) a...

In this chapter we introduce our task: communicating a digital message without error (or with as few errors as possible) despite an imperfect communications medium. Figure 1.1 shows a typical communications system. In this text we will assume that our source is producing binary data, but it could equally be an analog source followed by analog-to-digital conversion. Through the early 1940s, engi...