The smart grid promises to improve the efficiency and reliability of tomorrow’s energy supply. One of the biggest achievements of future smart grids will be their distributed mode of operation which effectively eliminates vulnerable nodes causing single points of failures in the grid. However, due to the lack of centralized energy production and control, the coordination of energy consumption b...

Coastal food webs can be supported by local benthic or pelagic primary producers and by the import of organic matter. Distinguishing between these energy sources is essential for our understanding of ecosystem functioning. However, the relative contribution of these components to the food web at the landscape scale is often unclear, as many studies lack good taxonomic and spatial resolution acr...

Building on the political economy literature, we develop a conceptual model and apply it to explain the OPEC pricing behavior. We model OPEC as a cartel-of-nations where politician use two instruments: production quotas and domestic fuel consumption subsidies. Our model explains the wedge between domestic fuel prices in OPEC countries and in the rest of the world. The empirical estimates show t...

Exercise 2 (Producer/Consumer). A producer/consumer system gathers two types of processes: producers who can make the actions produce (p) or deliver (d), and consumers with the actions receive (r) and consume (c). All the producers and consumers communicate through a single unordered channel. 1. Model a producer/consumer system with two producers and three consumers. How can you modify this sys...

despite the existence of vigorous theoretical basis lor cooperatives little attention has been paid to it in iran. at the same time, little use has been made of the quantitative models for analyzing the efiects and impacts of cooprative activities in economic literature. in this study, followed by a review of literature on cooperaion theory, a simple quantitative model was examined. this model ...

Within a yearly time framework this tutorial paper describes stochastic programming models to determine the electricity market strategies pertaining to producers, consumers and retailers. A year-ahead forward market and a day-ahead pool market are considered. Hourly pool prices as well as the hourly demands of consumers and retailers are modeled as stochastic variables. Decisions pertaining to ...