We present a theory of why some countries negotiate trade agreements during economic downturns. We argue that political leaders can gain from such agreements because of the signals they send to their publics. Publics are less likely to blame leaders for bad economic conditions when they have implemented sound economic policies, such as signing and implementing agreements designed to liberalize ...

This study investigates the impact of monetary policy on balance of payments (BOP) adjustment in Nigeria within the periods, 1980-2015. The study used the bound testing approach to show the relationship that exists among monetary policy variables (money supply, domestic credit, inflation and exchange rate), output growth, and trade balance and BOP adjustment in Nigeria. The study shows that the...

Zooplankton have evolved several mechanisms to deal with environmental threats, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and in order to identify strategies inherent to organisms exposed to different UVR environments, we here examine life-history traits of two lineages of Daphnia pulex. The lineages differed in the UVR dose they had received at their place of origin from extremely high UVR stress a...

Coffee agroecosystems are critical to the success of conservation efforts in Latin America because of their ecological and economic importance. Coffee certification programs may offer one way to protect biodiversity and maintain farmer livelihoods. Established coffee certification programs fall into three distinct, but not mutually exclusive categories: organic, fair trade, and shade. The resul...

The affiliation, assessment and management of risks is a traditional part of veterinary medicine. In the past, veterinary services involved in this type of activity usually assessed risks qualitatively. However, since the 1990s, quantitative methods have become increasingly important. The establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1994, and the promulgation of its Agreement on the Applica...

Reinforcement Learning Trade-offs 1 Abstract Many accounts of decision making and reinforcement learning posit the existence of two distinct systems that control choice: a fast, automatic system and a slow, deliberative system. Recent research formalizes this distinction by mapping these systems to " model-free " and " model-based " strategies in reinforcement learning. Model-free strategies ar...

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are vital for achieving sustainable development. However, it remains unclear whether engagement in international trade-oriented policies improves SMEs operations, particularly Africa, where concluded arrangements made to partake the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA). This study examined role of trade liberalization on performance Nigeria using...

We argue that the global spread of ideas contributes to trade liberalization. Building on insights from a rich case-based literature, we suggest an explicit mechanism of trade policy diffusion: US-trained Ph.D. economists, who share a common belief in the benefits of free trade, and who operate with varying degrees of political influence around the world. We offer the first cross-national test ...

We show that whether trade is one-way or two-way depends on wage strategies adopted by trade unions. The union’s wage strategy choices themselves depend upon the conditions under which trade takes place, as well as upon the characteristics of both the labour and the product markets in the trading countries. The impact of economic integration on union choices and therefore upon both labour marke...

the main purpose of this study, is surveying the factors that affect price impact of block trades in the stock market. for this reason, the sample consisted of 525 block trades have been selected randomly of accepted companies in tehran stock exchange, that have block trade during the period 1390 to 1392. in this paper, total, temporary and permanent price impact is used as dependent variables,...