Constriction of the pupils (miosis) is often identified as the first noticeable sign of exposure to vapor nerve agents. We have previously identified that in minipigs there is a 30-40 fold difference in vapor dosages of sarin (GB) that elicit miosis vs. those vapor dosages that are potentially lethal. The ratio for miotic vs. lethal vapor dosages ranges from 100-135 fold when cyclo-sarin (GF) i...

Precipitation efficiency is one of important meteorological parameters and has been widely used in operational precipitation forecasts (e.g., Doswell et al., 1996). Precipitation efficiency has been defined as the ratio of precipitation rate to the sum of all precipitation sources from water vapor budget (e.g., Auer and Marwitz, 1968; Heymsfield and Schotz, 1985; Chong and Hauser, 1989; Dowell ...

Interpreting observations of seepage into underground openings is often complicated by evaporative potentials created by the necessity to ventilate the openings. Evaporation removes liquid from the seepage face. By doing so, it reduces both the likelihood of seepage onset and the seepage flux, and thus can enhance the perceived effectiveness of the capillary barrier. We modeled liquid-release t...

The influence of losses of organic vapors to chamber walls during secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation experiments has recently been established. Here, the influence of such losses on simulated ambient SOA concentrations and properties is assessed in the University of California at Davis / California Institute of Technology (UCD/CIT) regional air quality model using the statistical oxidati...

We suggest a technique based on the transfer of topological charge from applied laser radiation to directional and coherent optical fields generated in ladder-type excited atomic media to identify the major processes responsible for their appearance. As an illustration, in Rb vapors, we analyze transverse intensity and phase profiles of the forward-directed collimated blue and near-IR light usi...

A hypervelocity oblique impact results in a downrange-moving vapor cloud, a significant fraction of which is derived from the projectile. Since the vapor cloud expands to great extent and becomes very tenuous quickly on a planet with a thin or no atmosphere, it does not leave a well-defined geologic expression. The thick atmosphere of Venus, however, is sufficient to contain such a rapidly expa...

Introduction: Hypervelocity impacts on the surface of growing planets may generate impact-induced vapor clouds and many chemical species are produced within such vapor clouds. These species may control the surface environments of the planets, such as temperature and redox state of the atmosphere. It is, thus, important to understand the composition of gases produced within an impact-induced vap...