Sexual HIV-1 transmission by vaginal route is the most predominant mode of viral transmission, resulting in millions of new infections every year. In the absence of an effective vaccine, there is an urgent need to develop other alternative methods of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Many novel drugs that are currently approved for clinical use also show great potential to prevent viral sexual t...

Background: Ectopic pregnancy, also called as tubal pregnancy, is one of the complications of pregnancy in which the extra-uterine implantation of embryo occurs. The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is based mainly on ultrasonography (USG). The aim of the study is to decide which approach (trans vaginal or trans abdominal) is better to diagnose the ectopic pregnancy. Methods: The study was conduc...

Purpose: A nanoemulsion based gel containing Polyphenon 60 (P60) and cranberry (CRB) has been developed to deliver via intravaginal route for the treatment of urinary tract infection. Methods: Polyphenon 60 and cranberry were loaded in a single nanoemulsion gel (NBG) by ultra-sonication method and characterized for particle size, rheological properties, in vitro release and growth curve analysi...

This article focuses on the anatomy, literature, and our own experiences in an effort to assist in the decision-making process of choosing between an umbilical or vaginal port. Umbilical access is more familiar to general surgeons; it is thicker than the transvaginal entry, and has more nerve endings and sensory innervations. This combination increases tissue damage and pain in the umbilical po...

Hyperbilirubinemia is common in neonates; it can have a serious rising course. Due to its critical morbidity called "kernicterus", severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia causes which lead to exchange transfusion, should be clarified. This descriptive cross sectional study performed with reviewing of files of 118 neonates weighting 2kg and more who had exchange transfusion in pediatrics ward at Ghae...

A 28-year-old primigravida presented at 36 weeks of gestation with a one-week history of fever with myalgia. Diagnosis of dengue fever was made based on viral polymerase chain reaction. She progressed to dengue shock syndrome by day nine and subsequently recovered. She delivered a healthy male baby by the vaginal route, but within 24 hours of delivery, had an eclamptic seizure, which was contro...

Strains of HSV-1 have been noted to vary in their pathogenesis. We compared the replication of strains KOS and McKrae in mice by two routes of infection, ocular and vaginal. Peripheral replication of KOS was similar (cornea) or attenuated over time (vagina) compared with McKrae; however, McKrae replicated in the nervous system to significantly higher levels than KOS after inoculation by either ...

Infection is the commonest cause of serious neurologic sequelae of neuraxial anesthesia. The incidence depends on operator skill and patient population. Meningitis, a complication of dural puncture, is usually caused by viridans streptococci. The risk factors are dural puncture during labor, no mask and poor aseptic technique, vaginal infection and bacteremia. Epidural abscess is a complication...

Twenty-four cases of intrauterine adhesions (Asherman's syndrome) were reported. The characteristic clinical picture was amenorrhea of hypomenorrhea accompanied by periodic lower abdominal pain. Intrauterine adhesions were demonstrated by hysterography in 14 cases. Lysis of adhesions was performed in 14 patients through vaginal route and in 3 by abdominal hysterotomy. Cyclic abdominal pain disa...

Background. The breech extraction of the fetus through the vagina has a greater risk of hip fracture compared with the extraction by abdominal route. Case. A 2390 g female infant was delivered at 39 weeks by elective cesarean section for breech presentation. The newborn sustained a fracture of the right femur. A simple immobilization of the limb in extension led to a complete healing of the fra...