The virulence of four South African field isolates of NAD-dependent Haemophilus paragallinarum and two field isolates of NAD-independent H. paragallinarum has previously been tested in unvaccinated chickens. In this study, the disease profiles caused by the NAD-dependent isolates of H. paragallinarum in vaccinated chickens were studied. It was shown that the clinical signs induced in the vaccin...

background: despite the use of prophylactic chemotherapy and vaccination, coccidiosis is still one of the most devastating diseases in poultry industry. understanding the immune mechanism helps researchers to prevent this parasitic infection more effectively. objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibody response in chickens, induced by a live attenuated vaccine (livacox q)...

  An inactivated agalactia vaccine was prepared with Mycoplasma agalactiae in fermenter. The culture was inactivated and subsequently adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide gel. Four sheep and four goats were immunized with the experimental vaccine. Two doses of 1ml of vaccine were administered three weeks interval. Monthly, blood samples were taken from the vaccinated animals up to the fifth month...

Background: The first COVID-19 vaccination was developed in December 2020. Effectiveness of different vaccines to prevent symptomatic COVID infection varies from 50% 95% while effectiveness at preventing the critical disease and death ranges between 79 100%. Aim: To see status hospitalized patients with compare severity & mortality among vaccinated non-vaccinated during 4th wave COVID-19. M...