The notion of a defined 'core package of essential health care services' has appeared in many different health reform proposals in the 1990s. This paper attempts to explore the possible objectives of the 'core package' component of health care reform. Two board applications are apparent: the use of essential packages to ration scarce public funds and the incorporation of a minimum benefit packa...

background and aim: moral psychology studies investigate cognitive and emotional systems involved in moral judgments. this research also examines the effect of emotion manipulation on reaction times to moral dilemmas. method and materials: this was a causal relational study executed on eighty five randomly selected 18-25 year old students from shahid beheshti university. to investigate moral ju...

This paper takes a first step in formulating approaches to cost-benefit analysis consistent with sustainable development. It reviews the foundations of the customary approach to cost-benefit analysis, with emphasis on its discounted utilitarian roots, and proposes alternative foundations which are more satisfactory in two respects: they place more weight on the future, and they incorporate in a...

Pragmatism, a philosophical approach that originally appeared in the USA, places its evaluation of validity ideas on concepts such as "action" and "benefit". The pioneers this philosophy believe basis human thought knowledge should be traced back to notion benefit. Language, according John Dewey, is tool for representing meaning. Accordingly, language must loaded with utilitarian creating pract...

BACKGROUND An organ-sharing system should achieve fairness and optimal graft longevity. Balancing between social and utilitarian considerations is a sensitive ethical, public and medical issue that requires a means to examine the consequences of any allocation policy or planned changes thereof. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance and applicability of a computerized simulation model by exami...

While many studies have found that perceived usefulness—an extrinsic motivator—is the strongest determinant of using utilitarian systems, others have found that it is less important than perceived enjoyment—an intrinsic motivator—in predicting hedonic system usage. In light of these interesting but mixed findings, our research applies the motivation theory to investigate the effects of extrinsi...

Two priority-setting frameworks to decide how to allocate limited resources among available treatments were developed, the first one based on cost-effectiveness and the second one based on cost-effectiveness and a social welfare function (SWF). The framework based on cost effectiveness gives a higher priority to therapies with lower average or incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. The framewor...

Recent research has relied on trolley-type sacrificial moral dilemmas to study utilitarian versus nonutilitarian modes of moral decision-making. This research has generated important insights into people's attitudes toward instrumental harm-that is, the sacrifice of an individual to save a greater number. But this approach also has serious limitations. Most notably, it ignores the positive, alt...

Because it is harder to justify hedonic purchases than utilitarian purchases, it is proposed that promotions will have a stronger positive effect on the purchase likelihood of hedonic than utilitarian products. This and related propositions are tested in multiple studies using a variety of product categories and promotions. The results demonstrate that promotions are more effective in driving p...

This study investigated hypothetical moral choices in adults with high-functioning autism and the role of empathy and alexithymia in such choices. We used a highly emotionally salient moral dilemma task to investigate autistics' hypothetical moral evaluations about personally carrying out harmful utilitarian behaviours aimed at maximizing welfare. Results showed that they exhibited a normal pat...