reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have become a worldwide necessity. iran has the sixteenth ranking position of global greenhouse gas emissions and its rate of growth is above global average. built environments are responsible for about 40% of energy consumption and it is generally approved that the greatest portion of built environment is dedicated to residential land us...

Emissions rights are commodities and many hold that these commodities (or alternatively the revenue from their auction) should be allocated to (adult) individuals on an equal per capita basis. Proponents of this equal per capita allocation (EPCA) often argue for it on the grounds that the atmosphere or greenhouse gas emissions sinks are a “commons”. But how can we assess the strength of these “...

BACKGROUND There is only one previous study addressing the relationship between population drinking and sickness absence. That study, based on Swedish time-series data, showed a statistically significant relationship between per capita alcohol consumption and the male sickness absence rate. Estimates suggested that a 1-l increase in consumption was associated with a 13% increase in sickness abs...

We investigate how the division of aggregate income into per capita income and population affects the margins of imports. In the first part, we use data on imports of 123 countries to document a positive relationship between per capita income and both the extensive and quality margin of imports, for a given level of aggregate GDP. These relations hold at various levels of disaggregation. While ...

OBJECTIVE To use Monte Carlo simulation to assess the uncertainty and variability of tobacco consumption through wastewater analysis in a city. METHODS A total of 11 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (serving 2.2 million people; approximately 83% of urban population in Dalian) were selected and sampled. By detection and quantification of principal metabolites of nicotine, cotinine (COT) and...

This paper investigates the economic impacts of regional integration on a small, less developed jurisdiction in dynamic fiscal competition environment. The trade-offs between benefits and loss policy flexibility resulting from are analyzed perspectives revenue GDP per capita. Our results show that small jurisdiction's policymaking can dominate other effects integration. Specifically, if efficie...