over the last two decades a main focus in obesity research in iran has been on finding variables associated with body weight. it is now clear that prevalence of obesity is not uniform in urban communities, its distribution being dependent to a large extent on such variables as age and gender, as well as socio-economic factors. more specifically, the available information indicates that in the a...

Spatial structure is a fundamental characteristic of cities that influences the urban functioning to a large extent. While administrative partitioning is generally done in the form of static spatial division, understanding a more temporally dynamic structure of the urban space would benefit urban planning and management immensely. This study makes use of a large-scale mobile phone positioning d...

The Preference for Larger Cities in China: Evidence from Rural-Urban Migrants China has long aimed to restrict population growth in large cities but encourages growth in small and medium-sized cities. At the same time, various government policies favor large cities. We conjecture that larger cities in China have more urban amenities and a better quality of life. We thus predict that a typical r...

In the latest years the wind energy sector experienced an exponential growth all over the world. What started as a deployment of onshore projects, soon moved to offshore and, more recently to the urban environment within the context of smart cities and renewable micro-generation. However, urban wind projects using micro turbines do not have enough profit margins to enable the setup of comprehen...

PURPOSE The purpose of this sub-analysis was to compare the early recovery of elderly patients following coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) by geographic location (urban/rural) on physical functioning and physical activity. METHODS The sample was 124 subjects who had been in the usual care group (or control group) of a randomized controlled trial. Subjects were categorized into geographic ...

We examine the European Union (EU) countries and within-country areas (i.e., large urban areas, small urban areas, and rural areas) that are the most disadvantageous with respect to multidimensional poverty and in each of the investigated dimensions, i.e., health, education, and living standards. To this end, we construct the Multidimensional Poverty Index and its sub-indices: the Poverty in He...

BACKGROUND costs incurred at the end of life are a main contributor to healthcare expenditure. Urban-rural inequalities in health outcomes have been demonstrated. Issues around geographical patterning of the association between time-to-death and expenditure remain under-researched. It is unknown whether differences in outcomes translate into differences in costs at the end of life. METHODS we...

The paper outlines the objectives and approach along with simulation results of the recent extensions of the traffic signal control strategy TUC (Traffic-responsive Urban Control). Based on well-known methods of the Automatic Control theory, TUC allows for the traffic-responsive coordinated signal control of large-scale urban networks aimed to be particularly efficient under saturated traffic c...

This chapter describes how the spatial distribution of economic activity changes as economies develop and grow. We start with the relation between development and rural-urban migration. Moving beyond the coarse rural-urban distinction, we then focus on the continuum of locations in an economy and describe how the patterns of convergence and divergence change with development. As we discuss, the...