Consistently finding consistent differences Animals in a population frequently display consistent among-individual differences in their behaviours (Bell, Hankison, & Laskowski, 2009; D. S. Wilson, 1998). Among-individual differences in behaviour have long been considered important as such differences are required for natural selection to cause mean individual behaviour to change. Indeed, in the...

In this paper we describe our efforts on POS annotation of a code-switching corpus created from Turkish-German tweets. We use Universal Dependencies (UD) POS tags as our tag set. While the German parts of the corpus employ UD specifications, for the Turkish parts we propose annotation guidelines that adopt UD’s language-general rules when it is applicable and adapt its principles to Turkishspec...

We present a statistical word feature, the Word Relation Matrix, which can be used to find translated pairs of words and terms from non-parallel corpora, across language groups. Online dictionary entries are used as seed words to generate Word Relation Matrices for the unknown words according to correlation measures. Word Relation Matrices are then mapped across the corpora to find translation ...

Dispersion of releases in urban areas can be estimated with information on micrometeorological variables in the urban boundary layer. However, this information is not generally available. On the other hand, meteorological measurements are routinely made in rural surroundings (e.g. airports). We examine empirical relationships between urban and rural meteorological variables using data from the ...

1. By the end of this decade, the majority of people will live in cities and suburban areas. Urban areas, including suburbs and exurbs, are expanding rapidly worldwide. 2. Plant ecology has largely ignored cities, or has primarily focused on the discrete urban green spaces within cities. 3. Plant ecology is increasingly engaging urban ecosystems as integrated natural-human systems, in which hum...

It is about six years since Donald Appleyard and I completed "Toward a New Urban Design Manifesto."In large measure it was student-generated, growing out of afirst-time course that Donald and I gave, "Theories of Urban Form." The course examined the physical forms of urban development associated with particular periods, or with design movements, or with ideas about urban form-ideas such as the ...

To facilitate cross-lingual studies, there is an increasing interest in identifying linguistic universals. Recently, a new universal scheme was designed as a part of universal dependency project. In this paper, we map the Arabic tweets dependency treebank (ATDT) to the Universal Dependency (UD) scheme to compare it to other language resources and for the purpose of cross-lingual studies.

Smallpox was probably the single most lethal disease in eighteenth-century Britain but was reduced to a minor cause of death by the mid-nineteenth century due to vaccination programmes post-1798.While the success of vaccination is unquestionable, it remains disputed to what extent the prophylactic precursor of vaccination, inoculation, reduced smallpox mortality in the eighteenth century. Small...

The Online Dictionary Matching with Gaps Problem (DMG), is the following. Preprocess a dictionary D of d gapped patterns P1, . . . , Pd such that given a query online text T presented one character at a time, each time a character arrives we must report the subset of patterns that have a match ending at this character. A gapped pattern Pi is of the form Pi,1{αi, βi}Pi,2, where Pi,1, Pi,2 ∈ Σ∗ a...

In a previous paper (Figueiredo and Amorim, 2005), we introduced the continuity lines, a compressed description that encapsulates topological and geometrical properties of urban grids. In this paper, we applied this technique to a large database of maps that included cities of 22 countries. We explore how this representation encodes into networks universal features of urban grids and, at the sa...