—The Permian is regarded as one of the most crucial intervals during echinoid evolution because crown group echinoids are first widely known from the Permian. New faunas provide important information regarding the diversity of echinoids during this significant interval as well as the morphological characterization of the earliest crown group and latest stem group echinoids. A new fauna from the...

The Upper Permian Linghao Formation marine shale and contemporaneous transitional are the most potential gas targets in Nanpanjiang basin, which is characterized by considerable TOC content, wide distribution, thickness. On basis of division Formation, petrographic, mineralogical, high-resolution geochemical analyses were integrated to reveal sedimentary environment including paleoproductivity,...

The end Permian extinction was the greatest mass extinction of the Phanerozoic Era. It impacted marine and terrestrial plants and animals. Although the rate of the extinction has been controversial in the past, recent evidence suggests that the extinction progressed in two pulses approximately 5-12 million years apart. The second pulse of the extinction is marked by a sharp temperature spike an...

Permian stratigraphic sequences are widely distributed throughout Iranian, making this one of the best locations in the world to study15 this geological time interval. Nevertheless, some units lack detailed biostratigraphic characterization which is essential for16 palaeogeographic reconstructions. This preliminary study comprises a palynological assessment of a Permian stratigraphi...