The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the reco...

Cortical cholinergic inputs are hypothesized to mediate attentional functions. The present experiment was designed to determine the single unit activity of neurons within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats performing a sustained visual attention task. Demands on attentional performance were varied by the presentation of a visual distractor. The contribution of cholinergic afferents of ...

The role of the cortico-tectal pathways in the processing of auditory signals was investigated by recording the click-evoked responses and extracellular multiple unit activity in the inferior colliculus (IC) after functional ablation of the auditory cortex (AC) by local intracortical application of a sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX). Click-evoked IC responses (IC-ER) and multiple unit...

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the functional status of a motor unit pool in vivo. These measures can provide insight into the normal development and degeneration of the neuromuscular system. These measures have clear translational potential because they are routinely applied in diag...

Whistler Text-to-Speech engine was designed so that we can automatically construct the model parameters from training data. This paper will describe in detail the design issues of constructing the synthesis unit inventory automatically from speech databases. The automatic process includes (1) determining the scaleable synthesis unit which can reflect spectral variations of different allophones;...

This paper explains the design and implementation of 8-bit ALU (arithmetic and logic unit) using VHDL by using mixed style of modeling in Xilinx ISE 8.1i. The ALU takes two8-bits numbers and performs different principal arithmetic and logic operations like addition, multiplication, logical AND, OR, XOR, XNOR, NOR. The major focus of concern in this ALU is the multiplication operation using radi...

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The presence of a columnar or clustered organization for some property often denotes that this property is important to the local information processing in a cortical area. To determine whether self-motion is systematically organized in the ventral intraparietal area (VIP), we made long electrode penetrations, recording both multi-unit and single-unit tuning for horizontally varying heading sti...

Predation is the primary source of nest mortality for most passerines; thus, behaviors to reduce the impacts of predation are frequently quantified to study learning, adaptation, and coevolution among predator and prey species. Video surveillance of nests has made it possible to examine real-time parental nest defense. During 1999-2009, we used video camera systems to monitor 518 nests of grass...

The proliferation of alarms on equipment in ICUs contributes to a level of noise that can disturb both patient and staff. To determine whether these alarms are identifiable by sound alone to our ICU staff, we recorded 33 audio signals commonly heard on the ward, 10 of which we defined as critical alarms. One hundred subjects (25 physicians, 41 nurses, and 34 respiratory therapists) listened ind...