the increasing rate of urbanization and rate of population growth over the 20th century has led to various problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and lack of open and green spaces that have affected the cities and their citizen's life. this condition has led to increasing demands for more land use, homes, and work places, more public transport and mass transit systems and mode...

ground penetrating radar (gpr) and magnetic methods were used at ghasr-e-shirin town in kermanshah province, southwest of iran for detecting a series of large ancient (ca 1500 years) underground cavities (tagh). the area of study is a historical monument which is named as emarat e khosro. radar and total intensity magnetic field measurements have been done on the eastern part of the complex, wh...

To provide more reasonable references for remedying underground water, fuel leak was simulated by establishing an experimental model of a porous-aquifer sand tank with the same size as that of the actual tank and by monitoring the underground water. In the tank, traditional gasoline and ethyl alcohol gasoline were poured. This study was conducted to achieve better understanding of the migration...

The lack of accurate maps of subsurface utilities and other underground hazards often causes accidents, project delays and increased project cost. Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE) is an engineering process utilizing state-of-the-art technology to accurately identify, characterize, and map underground utilities and installations prior to the design of new highways and structures or the insta...

This work introduces the concept of a Wireless Underground Sensor Network (WUSN). WUSNs can be used to monitor a variety of conditions, such as soil properties for agricultural applications and toxic substances for environmental monitoring. Unlike existing methods of monitoring underground conditions, which rely on buried sensors connected via wire to the surface, WUSN devices are deployed comp...

The paper examines the effect of inflation on the growth rate in economies with underground, or ”non-market”, sectors. The model incorporates a non-market good into an endogenous growth cash-inadvance economy with human capital. Taxes on labor and capital induce substitution into the non-market sector which avoids such taxes. However the non-market sector uses only cash for exchange and cannot ...

Achieving substantial reductions in the exposure of underground miners to diesel particulate matter in a number of metal and nonmetal mines in the U.S. depends on the ability of the industry to widely implement advanced diesel emissions control technologies, primarily diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems. Recent field studies showed that diesel particulate filter systems with Cordierite and ...

Vertical splitting cracks often appear in side walls of large-scale underground caverns during excavations owing to the brittle characteristics of surrounding rock mass, especially under the conditions of high in situ stress and great overburden depth. This phenomenon greatly affects the integral safety and stability of the underground caverns. In this paper, a transverse isotropic constitutive...

Surface-underground contrast plan, as one of the most important engineering maps in the general safety management and production of the coalmine, overlays both topographical map and underground mining engineering plan together, and means to describe the mining area, underground roadway layout, location of working face, rock movement, hydrological distribution, the impact of excavation on the en...

Underground displacement monitoring is an effective method to explore deep into rock and soil masses for execution of subsurface displacement measurements. It is not only an important means of geological hazards prediction and forecasting, but also a forefront, hot and sophisticated subject in current geological disaster monitoring. In previous research, the authors had designed a novel electro...