Belowground competition occurs when plants decrease the growth, survival, or fecundity of neighbors by reducing available soil resources. Competition belowground can be stronger and involve many more neighbors than aboveground competition. Physiological ecologists and population or community ecologists have traditionally studied belowground competition from different perspectives. Physiological...

DC underground traction systems are a powerful source of harmonic distortion, and so, suitable corrective actions have to be taken. For the design of these corrective actions simulation has proved to be a very useful tool. In this paper, the simulation of an active filter for the reduction of the current harmonic distortion of an underground traction system is presented.

A method for locating underground pipes from a pulse radar image is presented. The method employs the Laplacian of Gaussian filter to extract edges and employs the Hough transform to determine the depth of the pipes. A preliminary experiment showed its ability to detect deeply buried pipes with weak signal echoes. key words: radar image, Hough transform, LoG filter, underground locating

A new measurement of the atmospheric νµ/νe ratio-of-ratios, 0.61 ± 0.15 ± 0.05, has been obtained using a 3.2-kty exposure of the Soudan-2 underground detector. This measurement, based upon neutrino reactions in an iron tracking calorimeter of honeycomb-lattice geometry, is in agreement with the anomalously low value reported by the underground water detectors.

oral malignant melanoma (omm) accounts for 5% of all oral malignancies. it is a rare aggressive neoplasm usually found on the hard palate and gingiva. the etiology is unknown, but tobacco and chronic irritation are suggested as probable causative factors. over 30% of the cases have been reported to arise from pre-existing pigmented lesions. a biopsy is required to establish the diagnosis and th...

We employ Greek data over the period 196