We review the distributions and functions of mycorrhizas and dark septate root endophytes in polar regions. Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are present in the Arctic and Antarctic to 82 oN and 63 oS, respectively, with fine endophyte being the dominant form of AM in roots at higher latitudes. Ecto(ECM) and ericoid (ERM) mycorrhizas both occur in the Arctic to 79 oN, owing to the presence of species...

Because of its simple body plan and ease of gene knockout and allele replacement, the moss Physcomitrella patens is often used as a model system for studies in plant physiology and developmental biology. Gene-trap and enhancer-trap systems are useful techniques for cloning genes and enhancers that function in specific tissues or cells. Additionally, these systems are convenient for obtaining mo...

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Mosses, very diverse in modern ecosystems, are currently underrepresented in the fossil record. For the pre-Cenozoic, fossil mosses are known almost exclusively from compression fossils, while anatomical preservation, which is much more taxonomically informative, is rare. The Lower Cretaceous of Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada) hosts a diverse anatomically preser...

background: based on the information no research has been done on the identification and isolation of anaerobic fungi in the baloochi sheep’s rumen in the dry climate up to now. objectives: the purpose of this research was the separation and study of the appearance morphology of anaerobic fungi in the baloochi sheep’s rumen in sistan region. methods: the semi-defined medium environment was used...

-A new species ofaxiid, Eutrichocheles pindatyba, is described from Santa Cruz, south-central Brazil. The species is characterized by possessing a laterally dentate rostrum, unarmed median and submedian carinae of the carapace, spinose ischia and meri and tuberculate propodi of the first pereopods. The genus Eutrichocheles was erected by Wood Mason (1876), to accommodate Cancer modestus Herbst,...

The Late Cretaceous anuran Hungarobatrachus szukacsiSzentesi & Venczel, 2010 was erected for isolated ilia and tibio-fibulae from the Santonian-age Iharkút locality, in northwestern Hungary. On strength of ilial features, H. szukacsi interpreted as a neobatrachian possible ranoid, making it only pre-Cenozoic occurrence both clades Laurasia. New first examples skull bones (incomplete frontoparie...

We describe two new species of Eleutherodactylus, subgenus Syrrhophus, from two separate mountain ranges in western Mexico. Eleutherodactylus grunwaldi sp. nov. inhabits the Sierra de Manantlán in Colima and Jalisco from 1300 to 2200 m, whereas E. wixarika sp. nov. is known from a single locality in the Sierra Huichola of northern Jalisco at 2400 m, but is probably more widespread. Eleutherodac...

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and radiological features of children with inverted supernumerary teeth. STUDY DESIGN Thirty eight patients with inverted supernumerary teeth (ST) were enrolled in this descriptive and restrospective study. Data from patient records including age, gender, status of dentition, number of ST, number of ST in inverted position, coexistence of ST in inverted and ...