Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific molecular patterns derived from microbial components (exogenous ligands) or stressed cells (endogenous ligands). Stimulation of these receptors leads to a pronounced inflammatory response in a variety of acute animal models. Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) was regarded as a candidate disease to test whether TLRs influence chronic fibrosing infla...

BACKGROUND BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root of Panax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies. METHODS We explored the inhibitory mechanisms of BIOGF1K using lipopolysaccharide-mediat...

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are severely compromised for the induction of proinflammatory mediators following toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Here, we reported that the defective TLR response in TAM was due to the malfunctioning of the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent signaling cascade in concert with downregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor...

BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemic preconditioning (IPC) protects brain against ischemic injury. Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling can induce neuroprotective mediators, but whether astrocytic TLR3 signaling is involved in IPC-induced ischemic tolerance is not known. METHODS IPC was modeled in mice with three brief episodes of bilateral carotid occlusion. In vitro, IPC was modeled ...

Macrophage cell death plays a role in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Previous work has shown that macrophages can undergo caspase-independent cell death, and this process is associated with Nur77 induction, which is involved in inducing chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. Here we show that autophagy is a cytosolic event that controls caspase-independent macropha...

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 13 types known to-date, are a major class of transmembrane proteins of the mammalian innate immune system (1). They are known to detect diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns of microorganisms, and trigger specialized sets of signal transduction cascades that neutralize any danger posed to the host by the intruders. The major adaptors that bind to the int...

These operators were generalized by Dog̃ru in [6]. A Stancu type generalization of these operators has been studied by Agratini [1] and Kantorovich type generalization of Agratini’s operators were constructed and statistical approximation properties were examined by Dog̃ru, Duman and Orhan in [8]. A Kantorovich type generalization of MKZ operators can also be found in [7]. In 2000, Trif [18] intr...