Wireless sensor networks require communication protocols for efficiently propagating data in a distributed fashion. The Trickle algorithm is a popular protocol serving as the basis for many of the current standard communication protocols. In this paper we develop a mathematical model describing how Trickle propagates new data across a network consisting of nodes placed on a line. The model is a...

The Trickle algorithm allows nodes in a lossy shared medium (e.g., low-power and lossy networks) to exchange information in a highly robust, energy efficient, simple, and scalable manner. Dynamically adjusting transmission windows allows Trickle to spread new information on the scale of link-layer transmission times while sending only a few messages per hour when information does not change. A ...

Carbon monoxide (CO) can be metabolized by a number of microorganisms along with water to produce hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide. National Renewable Energy Laboratory researchers have isolated a number of bacteria that perform this so-called water-gas shift reaction at ambient temperatures. We performed experiments to measure the rate of CO conversion and H2 production in a trickle-bed reacto...

Given the dynamic nature of the mission of a wireless sensor network (WSN), and of the environment in which it is usually deployed, network reprogramming is an important activity that enables the WSN to adapt to the mission and/or environment. One important component of a reprogramming protocol is code dissemination and maintenance, during which new code is propagated to relevant WSN nodes. Sev...

A two-phase Eulerian model, based on porous media concept, describing the flow domain as porous region is presented to estimate the hydrodynamics of two-phase flow in trickle-bed reactors (TBRs) operating at high pressures. The drag forces between phases have been accounted by employing the relative permeability concept (Sàez and Carbonell, 1985). The model has been validated with the different...