Public health instruments have been under constant development and renewal for decades. International legal instruments, with their binding character and strength, have a special place in this development. The start of the 21st century saw, in particular, the birth of the first World Health Organization (WHO)-era health treaties – the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and i...

This article discusses several procedural problems in Indonesia’s rules on ratifying treaties. These stem from gaps the existing laws as well conflict between general law ratification and more specific that regulates of trade The involve timing inconsistency within practice treaty-ratification its product. issue concerns time it takes to ratify a treaty. because lack procedures strange existenc...

Countries routinely sign bilateral and multilateral treaties that oblige them to abide by their terms.Ratification of the international treaty requires common law countries should incorporate into domestic law. English serves as foundation for Pakistan's legislation governing reception treaties. The rationale system typically does not directly but separate enabling so there be no conflicting le...

and general language. Also, the discussion drafts do not clarify the context, object, and purpose to be considered in the interpretation of beneficial owner. Regarding the context, the drafts only explain that ‘‘the term ‘beneficial owner’ was added to address potential difficulties arising from the use of the words ‘paid to . . . a resident’ in paragraph 1,’’19 but they leave unspoken exactly ...

Although controversial from the theoretical point of view, quantile risk measures are widely used by institutions and regulators. In this paper we show that the use of measures like Value at Risk or Conditional Tail Expectation as optimization criteria for insurance or reinsurance leads to treaties that are not enforceable and/or are clearly bad for the cedent. We argue that this is one further...

The second part of this special issue on trade and the environment is a policy forum based on a paper by Jagdish Bhagwati that argues strongly against ‘burdening trade treaties and negotiations with social agendas’. The paper is not just a critique of the environmentalists’ case for linking trade and the environment in the millennium round of the WTO. It is also the rationale for a number of po...

In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) affirmed that Sexual and Reproductive Health and rights (SRH&R) are human rights. Pursuant to this, several international instruments contributed to global consensus on how reproductive health rights are intrinsically linked to other fundamental human rights. The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) has fully commi...

public health instruments have been under constant development and renewal for decades. international legal instruments, with their binding character and strength, have a special place in this development. the start of the 21st century saw, in particular, the birth of the first world health organization (who)-era health treaties – the who framework convention on tobacco control (who fctc) and i...