The difficulty in translating legal sharia expressions and terminologies used contracts arises from semantic, syntactic, pragmatic, contextual, cultural features of the Islamic expressions. present study aims to address problems arising when these Arabic into English vice versa. It also reassess translations several international business translated versa verify whether terms have been accurate...

due to its specific characteristics, special theoretical principles are involved in translation of religious text. the texts of this genre are classified into two categories of divine and non-divine each with its own considerations in the act of translation. nahj-al-balaghah is one of the non-divine islamic texts. two of the well-known translations of it into persian are those by seyed jafar sh...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study is twofold: 1) to explore the applicability of combinatorial terminologies as the basis for building enumerated classifications, and 2) to investigate the usefulness of formal terminological systems for performing such classification and for assisting in the refinement of both combinatorial terminologies and enumerated classifications. DESIGN A formal model ...

Computerized Provider Order Entry Systems are supposed to enhance healthcare quality through decreasing the number of prescriptions and medical errors while increasing prescription relevance. These bene ts are still theoretical because prescription computerization faces many problems, including software interoperability and usability. Using interface terminologies in terminolgy ows could help s...

Background For information exchange and data mining structured reports in tumor pathology have to be based on controlled vocabulary as to get a model of meaning. SNOMED CT, originated from a pathology terminology in the U.S. and Great Britain will probably become a global reference health terminology. With SNOMED CT or UMLS very comprehensive medical terminologies exist, which are reference ter...

The coverage of multilingual biomedical resources is high for the English language, yet sparse for non-English languages—an observation which holds for seemingly well-resourced, yet still dramatically low-resourced ones such as Spanish, French or German but even more so for really under-resourced ones such as Dutch. We here present experimental results for automatically annotating parallel corp...

Design: Given rapid growth of terminologies, this research was designed to address scalability. We selected 16 terminologies covering a variety of domains from the UMLS Metathesaurus, a collection of terminological systems. Each was modeled as a network in which nodes were atomic concepts and links were relationships asserted by the source vocabulary. For comparison against each terminology we ...

Description Logics (DLs) and derived markup languages are a standard for representing ontological knowledge bases which can be a powerful tool for supporting other services, such as reasoning and retrieval. Such languages are generally endowed with well-founded semantics and reasoning services investigated in the DLs field [1]. In this context, we examine the problem of the induction and refine...

Reproducible research—by its many names—has come to be regarded as a key concern across disciplines and stakeholder groups. Funding agencies and journals, professional societies and even mass media are paying attention, often focusing on the so-called “crisis” of reproducibility. One big problem keeps coming up among those seeking to tackle the issue: different groups are using terminologies in...