Improving symptomology and cognitive deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders is a crucial challenge. We examined whether neurostimulation protocols, which have been shown to yield long-term effects when combined with training, could benefit children Attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD), the most common disorder childhood. used randomized double-blind active-controlled crossover stud...

In this issue, Moliadze and colleagues investigate the role of electrode montage in the induction of acute lasting excitability changes by transcranial Direction Current Stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS); specifically they demonstrate that during weak transcranial electrical stimulation, the position of the ‘‘return” electrode affects neuro-modulation under the...

11 Nitsche, M.A. et al. (2003) Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15, 619–626 12 Iyer, M.B. et al. (2005) Safety and cognitive effect of frontal DC brain polarization in healthy individuals. Neurology 64, 872–876 13 Kincses, T.Z. et al. (2004) Facilitation of probabilistic classific...

Among the alternatives to drugs in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders, neuromodulation techniques, including brain stimulation, have been used increasingly this past decade. Cortical targets are especially appealing, because they are easily accessible by noninvasive or invasive methods. Applicable techniques include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), trans...

Neural oscillations in the gamma range are the dominant rhythmic activation pattern in the human auditory cortex. These gamma oscillations are functionally relevant for the processing of rapidly changing acoustic information in both speech and non-speech sounds. Accordingly, there is a tight link between the temporal resolution ability of the auditory system and inherent neural gamma oscillatio...

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has attracted significant attention from patients and clinicians for its potential to elicit therapeutic benefit in a number of neurological and psychiatric conditions, and to facilitate rehabilitation after neurological injury.1 Tested indications include recovery of speech andmotor loss following stroke,2 mitigation of various forms of chronic pa...

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has been widely used in the clinic and in behavioral neuroscience research. The effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) range from treating depression to augmenting human cognition. Optimization of tACS protocols will require an understanding of the mechanisms of actions of externally applied electric fields on the brain. We have ...