Tramadol is a widely used analgesic opioid for moderate-to-severe pain due to its efficacy and safety. Although tramadol induces less adverse effects compared with other opioids, an increased number of documented cases of dependence, abuse, intentional overdose or intoxication have been described. In fatal intoxication, the interpretation of the probable cause of death often relies on the measu...

BACKGROUND Subanesthetic doses of ketamine as an adjuvant to tramadol in patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for postoperative pain have been shown to improve the quality of analgesia. However, there are no such commercially available drug mixtures, and the stability of the combination has rarely been assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Admixtures were assessed for periods of up to 14 days at 4°C a...

Tramadol is a drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is known to present a peripheral effect, but the local mechanisms underlying its actions remain unclear. The role of peripheral opioid receptors in postoperative pain is not well understood. In the present study, we examined the peripheral opioid receptors to determine the local effect of tramadol in a plantar incision pain model. Rat...

A novel, rapid, and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method has been developed and validated as per ICH guidelines for the determination of tramadol HCl impurities in the tramadol HCl injection after reconstitution by infusion fluids (5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride). The tramadol HCl injection is for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe pain. The stabi...

The aim of this study was to document the effect of tramadol as an opioid on individual fibers of rat sciatic nerve. To accomplish this objective, compound action potentials (CAPs) were recorded from isolated nerves treated with tramadol from five different concentration levels. Then recorded CAPs and the control group were analyzed by numerical methods namely Conduction Velocity Distribution (...

INTRODUCTION Shivering, a common intraoperative problem under spinal anesthesia increases the oxygen consumption considerably and is uncomfortable and distressing to the patient, anesthesiologist as well as surgeon. The present study was designed to explore the effectiveness of tramadol, clonidine and dexmedetomidine in the treatment of post spinal anesthesia shivering and to look for their adv...

buprenorphine is a partial mu agonist and kappa antagonist which is used for the treatment of pain and opioid addiction. a mixture of buprenorphine hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride has been approved for the treatment of opioid dependence.in this study a third order derivative spectrophotometric method based on zero-crossing technique has been used for the simultaneous determination of b...

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination analgesic tablet (37.5 mg tramadol/325 mg acetaminophen) for the treatment of fibromyalgia pain. METHODS This 91-day, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study compared tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets with placebo. The primary outcome variable was cumulative time to discontinuation (Kaplan-Meier anal...