During construction, a large number of resources are consumed; concurrently, amount greenhouse gas is emitted, which contributes to air pollution. There exist close interactions among construction regions. This study examined the main economy-resources-environment indexes associated with China’s industry, embodied in international trade based on Eora database, by using input-output model. It in...

Already, the formation of the WTO did not halt the proliferation of new RTAs. There has been an enormous increase in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) in the last twenty years. In fact, RTAs legitimacy is well recognised under GATT/WTO. By their very nature, such arrangements favour imports from members of the grouping and discriminate against imports from other countries. This departure fro...

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on services have proliferated since 2000. This working paper briefly presents the expansion of the dataset initially developed in Marchetti and Roy (2008). The data permits to assess the extent to which market access commitments undertaken by WTO Members in PTAs go beyond GATS commitments and offers made in the context of the Doha Development Agenda. The dat...

This study is an empirical attempt to find out whether under sanctions Iran’s trade direction has shifted away from Europe (trade policy of de-Europeanization) towards Asia (trade policy of Asianization). The analysis is conducted using a panel-gravity trade model to analyze bilateral trade pattern between Iran and 50 countries from the EU and Asia during the period 2006–2013. To this end, the ...

OUNTERTRADE is tied trade. In a typical transaction a CPE or LDC imports goods and the exporting party usually a firm in a western industrial country commits itself to make an offsetting purchase at some future date. Since the mid seventies countertrade has become a significant phenomenon in international trade. Reasonable estimates vary between 10 and 20 per cent of world trade (see OECD, 1985...

During the past half-century, states have established a large number of international trade institutions, both multilateral and regional in scope. The existing literature emphasizes that these agreements are chiefly designed to liberalize and increase the flow of overseas commerce. Yet such institutions have another function that has been largely ignored by researchers, namely, reducing volatil...

Among non-oil exports and in trade arena, drug has always been strategic importance and most government especially industrialized countries pay special attention to its production and trade issues. Thus, having a comprehensive view from economic perspective to this section is essential for suggesting intervention. This was a descriptive-analytical and panel study. In this study, gravity model i...