Mitochondria-targeted molecules comprising the lipophilic TPP (triphenylphosphonium) cation covalently linked to a hydrophobic bioactive moiety are used to modify and probe mitochondria in cells and in vivo. However, it is unclear how hydrophobicity affects the rate and extent of their uptake into mitochondria within cells, making it difficult to interpret experiments because their intracellula...

Many enzymes contain metalloporphyrins as prosthetic groups, which catalyse a vide variety of biologically important reactions. Hence, these species have been studied by a large number of spectroscopic techniques including Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy (MCD). This method is especially useful to investigate the electronic structures and spectra of paramagnetic complexes [1]. However, ...

This study examined the role of sulfur (S) in the pathogenesis of S-induced polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in beef cattle in the context of thiamine status and metabolism. Thiamine, thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) status in rumen fluid, blood and brain tissue were determined in beef heifers fed 2 levels of S [low S (LS) vs. high S (HS)] at 2 forage-to-concentrate rati...

We describe the characterization, cloning, and genetic analysis of tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP II) from Drosophila melanogaster. Mammalian TPP II removes N-terminal tripeptides, has wide distribution, and has been identified as the cholecystokinin-degrading peptidase in rat brain. Size exclusion and ion exchange chromatography produced a 70-fold purification of dTPP II activity from Drosophil...

lidocaine (lc) is a local anesthetic agent. the aim of this study was to prolong the anesthetic effect of this drug in the oral cavity in the treatment of oral mucositis. films of lc were prepared with three different molecular weights (mw) of chitosan in three different concentrations (1-3%) and were then cross-linked by solvent casting evaporation method with tripolyphosphate penta sodium sal...

Hydrolysis of Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) is too sluggish even at elevated temperatures in aqueous buffer media. However, the hydrolysis reactions of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) are dramatically accelerated under micellar conditions even at room temperature by the addition of anionic (SDS) and nonionic (Tx) micelles. Menger – Portnoy’s enzymatic model and Piszkiewicz co-operativity model were...

The chains in complex [Mn(TPP)][Mn(TPP)(CN)2] (H2TPP = meso-tetra(4-phenyl)-porphyrin) demonstrate perfect linearity, and are well isolated with the nearest interchain Mn-Mn separation of 12.95 Å. Ferromagnetic coupling is present among adjacent Mn(III) ions, and single-chain magnet (SCM) behaviour is verified.

Why do individuals pay costs to punish selfish behavior, even as third-party observers? A large body of research suggests that reputation plays an important role in motivating such third-party punishment (TPP). Here we focus on a recently proposed reputation-based account (Jordan et al., 2016) that invokes costly signaling. This account proposed that "trustworthy type" individuals (who are ince...