introduction: clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of several infections such as pseudomembranous colitis in human. these diseases are frequently associated with antibiotic useage but many infections with this organisms are seen without antibiotic administration. in addition it is believed that clostridium difficile is one of the most important bacteria involved in acquired hospital inf...

Seeds of the castor bean plant Ricinuscommunis L (CB) contain ricin toxin (RT), one of the most poisonous naturally-occurring substances known. Ricin toxin, a water-soluble glycoprotein that does not partition into the oil extract, is a ribosome-inactivating toxin composed of two chains, labeled A and B. Severity of the toxicity varies depending on the route of exposure to the toxin. Inhalation...

Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacterium, which is widely distributed in the environment. C. perfringens is subdivided to 5 groups (types A to E), based on its four major toxin (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota). C. perfringens type B beta toxin causes inflammation and bloody necrotic enteritis. Type B related enterotoxaemia is a major problem of veterinary sciences...

Bacillus cereus is a versatile organism which causes two distinct types of food poisoning by producing toxins. Toxin formation in B. very much complex process involving co-regulation multiple genes exerting control at transcriptional, translational and post-translational level such regulations too are often influenced extrinsic factors. A comprehensive understanding factors crucial for holistic...

cholera toxin b subunit (ctxb) is a homopantameric, nontoxic subunit of cholera toxin that is responsible for its binding to the cell and has been known as a mucosal adjuvant for vaccines that could increase homoral and mocusal immunity response. in this work, the ctxb gene was fused to the stxb gene from shigella dysenteriae type i a vaccine antigen candidate against this pathogen, by a nonfur...

conclusions obtained data demonstrated that the designed assay is an accurate, easy, rapid, and cost-effective tool for detecting v. cholerae that can serve as an alternate to current bacteriological tests. background several epidemic and endemic cases have been reported involving vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) as a causative organism in serious diarrheal diseases with high mortality. hence, qui...

clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacterium, which is widely distributed in the environment. c. perfringens is subdivided to 5 groups (types a to e), based on its four major toxin (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota). c. perfringens type b beta toxin causes inflammation and bloody necrotic enteritis. type b related enterotoxaemia is a major problem of veterinary sciences...

conclusions the evidence that btx-a decreases ntg-induced cgrp-li and sp-li levels in trigeminovascular system suggests that btx-a attenuates migraine by suppression of neuropeptide release. btx-a injections for migraine at acupoint-sites and fixed-sites are effective. acupoint-sites btx-a administration shows more efficacy for migraine than fixed-sites application. results local btx-a injectio...

the aim of this study was to identify virulent shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) strains isolated from faecal samples of 100 clinically healthy calves. in the present study, a total of 100 escherichia coli (e. coli) isolates from clinically healthy calves belonging to 6 different farms located in khorasan razavi province, iran, were examined for presence of virulence genes character...