clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. it is usually a consequence of antibiotic treatment, but sporadic cases can occur. this study was aimed to determine the frequency of the nosocomial clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated diarrhea in tehran university of medical sciences hospitals and study of antibacterial susceptibility of isolates. in this study ...

Commensal non-toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis confers powerful health benefits to the host, and has recently been identified as a promising probiotic candidate. We previously isolated B. fragilis strain ZY-312 and identified it as a novel strain based on 16S rRNA sequencing and morphological analyses. We also determined that ZY-312 displayed desirable probiotic properties, including tolerance to...

Objective: Citrinin is a mycotoxin produced by several species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium and occurs mainly in food products and animal feed. Some scientific reports show a link between Citrinin and nephrotoxic and possibly a carcinogenic effect for humans. Methods: Samples collected by settling plates,in northern Iran and pure culture isolation performed till t...

results aflatoxins have been found in many food products in iran. conclusions it is necessary to detect aflatoxins in foods and food products as early as possible, before they enter human or animal bodies. there is a high consumption of milk and dairy products in iran, and the proper management of animal foods can help to decrease the aflatoxins in milk. evidence acquisition in consideration of...

Twenty-three isolates of fungi, representing 13 thermophilic and thermotolerant species, were bioassayed for toxigenicity to brine shrimp, chicken embryos, and rats. Thirteen isolates representing nine genera were highly toxic to at least two of the three systems. Seven additional isolates of five genera were slightly toxic.

Three groups of six healthy adult volunteers were randomly assigned to a treatment with 400 mg of oral cefpodoxime proxetil, oral cefixime, or placebo per day for 10 days. Informed consent was obtained from all volunteers. Clostridium difficile was not detected in the feces of any subject before treatment or at any time in the subjects in the placebo group. C. difficile was, however, detected i...

To determine the presence of Clostridium difficile, we sampled cooked and uncooked meat products sold in Tucson, Arizona. Forty-two percent contained toxigenic C. difficile strains (either ribotype 078/toxinotype V [73%] or 027/toxinotype III [NAP1 or NAP1-related; 27%]). These findings indicate that food products may play a role in interspecies C. difficile transmission.

Between November 2010, and May 2011, eleven cases of cholera, unrelated to a concurrent outbreak on the island of Hispaniola, were recorded, and the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae serogroup O75, was traced to oysters harvested from Apalachicola Bay, Florida. From the 11 diagnosed cases, eight isolates of V. cholerae were isolated and their genomes were sequenced. Genomic analysis demonstrated...

We evaluated a three-step algorithm for laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD). First, stool specimens were screened using an EIA test for glutamate dehydrogenase detection. Screen-positive specimens were tested by a rapid cytotoxintoxin A/B assay and subjected to stool culture. All cultures positive for C. difficile underwent toxigenic culture. The results sh...