Doctors from both non-democratic and democratic countries are involved in torture. The majority of doctors involved in torture are doctors at risk. Doctors at risk might compromise their ethical duty towards patients for the following possible reasons: individual factors (such as career, economic or ideological reasons), threats, orders from a higher ranking officer, political initiatives, work...

This essay discusses the relation of surveillance in the modern world to that in the surveillance society of Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. We establish a link between the motivations of the governments in the two worlds, and use this link to investigate the role of surveillance in each society. We further analyze the two primary types of modern surveillance — internet tracking and data collect...

Located in the lobby of the Department of Commerce building in Washington is a large display showing the estimated size of population of the United States. Every few seconds, another addition is recorded; in the spring of 196o, the estimate reached i8o,oooooo, a number that, if borne out by the census, means that more than 30,000,000 people have been added in the past decade. On a planetary sca...

Przedmiotem socjohistorycznej jest analiza genezy, ewolucji i zmarnotrawienia uspołecznienia polskiej edukacji w duchu konserwatywnej myśli pedagogicznej. Autor uwzględnia trzy zasady według Gérarda Noiriela: 1) odnajdywania przeszłości teraźniejszości, 2) realnych postaci grup zaangażowanych społecznie zmiany oświatowe Polsce po upadku totalitaryzmu, 3) rozpoznawania istoty sposobu sprawowania...

The article considers the reforms of Peter I from standpoint historical sociology and institutional economic theory with aim to identify features Peter's modernization its role in forming Russia’s path dependence, this purpose is realized by comparing it Stalin's modernization. study rests on division into two types:adaptation westernization models. This constitutes methodological basis allows ...

The post-Cold War era is witnessing more European nations joining the European Union (EU). This influx of new members necessitates, inter alia, a re-examination of the policies that guide their integration into the common European Research Area (ERA). The basic premise of these policies is—or should be—axiomatic for Europe’s further development: the continent cannot afford scientific illiteracy...

Technology will make it increasingly difficult for the state to control the information its people receive.. .. The Goliath of totalitarianism will be brought down by the David of the microchip. The world has changed a great deal since Ronald Reagan spoke these words in 1989. To many, subsequent events have borne witness to the truth of his prediction: authoritarian regimes have fallen around t...