A total dominating set of a graph G with no isolated vertices is subset S the vertex such that every adjacent to in S. The domination number minimum cardinality set. In this paper, we study middle graphs. Indeed, obtain tight bounds for terms order graph. We also compute some known families graphs explicitly. Moreover, Nordhaus-Gaddum-like relations are presented

organic fertilizers such as vermicompost (vc) are an undeniable source of required nutrients of plants. this field experiment performed as split plot arrangement based a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2008. the main factors (vermicompost treatments) added to soil at six levels including 20 and 40 ton.ha-1, 20 and 40 ton.ha-1 plus (1/2) chemical fertilizer, chemical ...

Let $G = (V, E)$ be a simple graph of order $n$. The total dominating set is a subset $D$ of $V$ that every vertex of $V$ is adjacent to some vertices of $D$. The total domination number of $G$ is equal to minimum cardinality of total dominating set in $G$ and denoted by $gamma_t(G)$. The total domination polynomial of $G$ is the polynomial $D_t(G,x)=sum d_t(G,i)$, where $d_t(G,i)$ is the numbe...

drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses that affect yield of bread wheat strongly. considering that the yield achieved with the interaction of a large number of plant traits and environment, so the morphological and agronomical traits, can serve as selection criteria under environmental conditions. by genetic analysis and estimation of inheritance and mode of gene act...

Identifying the underlying mechanisms and the sources of variation in plant productivity is critical to the development of accurate predictive models of ecosystem responses to environmental change, including increased nitrogen (N) deposition and altered precipitation patterns. A great deal of variation in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in tallgrass prairie may be accounted for by var...

Reliability analysis of a power tiller involves studying the probability its performance and functionality over given period. This aims to identify factors that affect reliability determine ways improve performance. The can be evaluated using different methods such as statistical analysis, theory, simulation modelling. These enable assessment tiller's in operating conditions help critical compo...

In a glasshouse experiment, different tiller categories (main, young primary, and old primary) of two Guinea grass cultivars, Mombaça and Tanzânia, were (14)C-labelled to investigate C translocation between tillers. In both cultivars, young primary tillers retained less radiocarbon (79%) than main (86%) and old primary (87%) labelled tillers, suggesting that the photosynthetic capacity of the y...