We de ne a hierarchy of bounded arithmetic L i 2 for i 1 which are modi cations of TAC of Clote and Takeuti. Provably total functions of L i 2 are characterized in terms of circuit complexity. As a consequence non-conservation results are obtained for L i 2 and L i+2 2 by applying a lower bound for st-connectivity. A weaker non-conservation result is also obtained betweenAC 0 CA and L i 2 using...

Because of device scaling, leakage power is becoming a consistent fraction of the total power dissipated in CMOS circuits. In particular, it is dominant in reactive systems characterized by burst computations followed by long periods of inactivity. To reduce leakage power during such periods, we propose a new methodology that, di erently from existing techniques, does not require process or ele...

Iron is unique among inorganic nutriments because primary control of body homeostasis resides with absorption, not with excretion (1). However, the pathway by which iron is transported in the gut is not necessarily unique; it may be shared with cations whose absorption waxes and wanes in parallel with that of iron, but whose total body balance is maintained by ready excretion. The question of w...

Transcellular active tubular transport of organic cations occurs in the proximal renal tubule in the direction of excretion. These organic cations may be primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines. Endogenous neurohumors such as choline and catecholamines and drugs such as morphine and tetraethylammonium are representative transportable organic cations. Competitive inhibition for transp...

Pb(II) cations have long been associated with lone-pairs which can help to enhance the optical anisotropic birefringence. In this paper, the contribution of lead cations to birefringence has been investigated using first-principles and real-space atom-cutting methods. The results show that the contribution of lead cations to birefringence is determined by the degree of stereochemical activity, ...

chemical nature, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of metal cations in aqueous solutions are described and discussed in terms of structural factors controlling physical properties of the systems. The structure of hydrated cations, reaction mechanism of water exchange on the cations, hydrolytic phenomena and acidity of the cations are presented. Correlations between coordination states of the...

The objectives of this research were to: (i) develop hyperspectral narrow-band models to determine soil variables such as organic matter content (OM), sum of cations (SC = Ca + Mg + K), aluminum saturation (m%), cations saturation (V%), cations exchangeable capacity (CEC), silt, sand and clay content using visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) diffuse reflectance spectra; (ii) compare the variations ...

The Hofmeister series illustrates how salts produce a wide range of effects in biological systems, which are not exclusively explained by ion charge. In lipid membranes, charged ions have been shown to bind to lipids and either hydrate or dehydrate lipid head groups, and also to swell the water layer in multi-lamellar systems. Typically, Hofmeister phenomena are explained by the interaction of ...

The adsorption of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on cellulose surfaces is relevance from both academic and industrial perspectives as it facilitates resource-efficient modification fibres that allows them to carry negative charges. It known that, compared monovalent ions, Ca2+ ions are superior in facilitating CMC the subsequent introduction charge fibres. However, formation deposition calcium ox...

Rare-earth niobates and tantalates possess low thermal conductivities, which can be further reduced in high-entropy compositions. Here, a large number of 40 compositions are synthesized to investigate the origin conductivity. Of these, 29 single (nominally cubic) fluorite phases most them new compositionally complex (medium- or high-entropy) Furthermore, doping 2% light element cations reduce T...