Scleractinian corals typically form a robust calcium carbonate skeleton beneath their living tissue. This skeleton, through its trace element composition and isotope ratios, may record environmental conditions of water surrounding the coral animal. While bulk unrecrystallized aragonite skeletons can be used to reconstruct past ocean conditions, that have undergone significant diagenesis altered...

Pectin with various degrees of esterification (DE) leads to different food processing directions and has the distinct potential for modulating human health. Investigations pectin–gut microbiota interactions may contribute towards better understanding structure–function mechanism. In this study, in vitro batch fermentation (artificial colon model) was used illustrate differential impacts pectin ...

nowadays, in consideration of environmental issues and limitation of fossil fuels, there is a particular consideration of renewable energy including ocean energy, that can extracted going through various methods such as wave energy, tidal energy, salinity gradient, otec: ocean thermal energy conversion.herein this research, operation of otec method in southern caspian sea has been discussed. fo...