CD40 is a 45-kDa glycoprotein member ofthe tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family expressed on B cells, thymic epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and some carcinoma cells. The unique capacity of CD40 to trigger immunoglobulin isotype switching is dependent on the activation of protein-tyrosine kinases, yet CD40 possesses no kinase domain and no known consensus sequences for binding to pro...

Receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1 is involved in RIPK3-dependent and -independent signaling pathways leading to cell death and/or inflammation. Genetic ablation of ripk1 causes postnatal lethality, which was not prevented by deletion of ripk3, caspase-8, or fadd. However, animals that lack RIPK1, RIPK3, and either caspase-8 or FADD survived weaning and matured normally. RIPK1 functio...

ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; RONS: Reactive Oxygen Nitrogen Species; TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor; TNFR: Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor; NF: Nuclear Factor; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; RHD: Rel Homology Domain; IL: Interleukin; NIK: NF-κB Inducing Kinase; IKK: IκB kinase; BCL: B-Cell Lymphoma; MOD: Minimal Oligomerization Domain; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; RIP: Receptor Interactin...

The aim of the present study was to characterize the expression pattern of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and its receptors (TNF-Rs) in the epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and compare these results with the outcome of 126 patients. Presence of TNF-α, TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 were studied by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The proportion of samples positive for TNF-α and TNF-R2 was higher in ...

TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs) participate in the signaling of many TNFR family members, including CD40, CD120a (TNFR1), and CD120b (TNFR2). Previously, we found that a dominant-negative TRAF2 molecule inhibits CD40-mediated Ab secretion by the mouse B cell line CH12.LX. However, disruption of the TRAF2 binding site in the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 does not diminish the ability of CD40 to sti...

The Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) possesses a powerful mucosal and systemic adjuvant effect. However, little is known about the cellular and molecular basis of the immunostimulatory activity of LT at the mucosal level, and even less information is available on the mechanisms underlying its systemic adjuvant activity. In this study, we show that distinct mechanisms are responsibl...

Abstract Background and Aims Several biomarkers of inflammation have been correlated with poor renal outcomes mortality in DKD. However, an effective, well-tolerated treatment progressive disease driven by has remained elusive. Inhibition IL-33 may provide a novel opportunity to address this unmet medical need high-risk patients. Here, we: 1) show that tozorakimab, high-affinity IL-33-neutraliz...

CD4(+)25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immunological self-tolerance through mechanisms that are only in part understood. Previous studies suggest that the glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR), which is preferentially expressed on the surface of Treg cells, potentially provides a signal that abrogates Treg suppression. In this study, we show that a soluble form of mouse GIT...