The contemporary surgical repertoire for the evaluation and treatment of patients with lung cancer includes the bronchoscope, mediastinoscope, thoracoscope, and standard surgical instrumentation. The recent advances in video optics and the development of endoscopic instruments have significantly expanded the surgical options for patients with lung cancer. Thoracoscopy, or the more inclusive ter...

STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate minithoracoscopy using 3-mm instrumentation for diagnosis of pleural effusions. In the initial phase of the study, minithoracoscopy was used only for small loculated effusions not accessible with standard-sized endoscopes. Indication was later extended to larger nonloculated effusions that could have been examined using conventional thoracoscopy. PATIENTS A total ...

Ectopic parathyroid adenomas can be a cause of recurrent and refractory hyperparathyroidism. Majority are located in the neck region, however very few cases they within mediastinum. In such excision via cervical approach is not possible it becomes diagnostic as well surgical challenge. Excision thoracoscopic preferred this regard. Here we represent case ectopic adenoma embedded thymus gland whi...