The experiment was conducted in factorial test based on a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology of Iran. Lettuce seedlings were exposed separately to the exhaust emissions in three different exposure times (10, 20 and 30 days) and after the exposure time, their morphological, physiological and anatomical traits were measured and c...

We investigated the feasibilities of 2.0∘C and 1.5∘C climate targets by considering the abatement potentials of a full suite of greenhouse gases, pollutants, and aerosols. We revised the inter-temporal dynamic optimization model DICE-2013R by introducing three features as follows. First, we applied a new marginal abatement cost curve derived under moderate assumptions regarding future socioecon...

Climate change is the exemplary global public good, because each country’s emissions of greenhouse gases contribute cumulatively to the increase of the overall concentration, and each country’s abatements entail higher cost than benefit, unless effective concerted collective actions

Serious international discussion on global warming did not start until the singing of the Framework Convention on Climate Change at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It was not, however, until five years later that the first United Nations conference to enact a binding international agreement to control the emissions of greenhouse gases was held in Kyoto, Japan—the Kyoto Protocol. Thi...

The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark agreement that has successfully reduced the global production, consumption, and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). ODSs are also greenhouse gases that contribute to the radiative forcing of climate change. Using historical ODSs emissions and scenarios of potential emissions, we show that the ODS con...

There is growing impetus for a domestic climate policy that can provide meaningful reductions in emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. In this article, I propose and analyze a scientifically sound, economically rational, and politically feasible approach for the United States to reduce its contributions to the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. The proposal featu...