Research with animals presents ethical questions both for being used as models of human diseases and for being a prerequisite for trials in humans, as in the introduction of genetic modifications. Some of these questions refer to the fact that, as models, they do not fully represent the human condition; that conducting toxicity tests causes great harm to animals; that their nature is altered by...

To the Editor Reply: We wish to thank Granata et al for their letter commenting on our article on hypertrophy of peripheral nerves in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) that was detected by ultrasonography. We demonstrated a useful case which exemplifies the detection of segmental lesions of the peripheral nerves in CIDP by ultrasonography. We think that ultrasonog...

Although 1.4 million people speak Northern Khmer in Thailand, they are aware that their language is still in decline. To deal with this threat, native speakers have cooperated with linguists from Mahidol University to work on a community-based research project since 2007. Teaching the Northern Khmer language as a subject in the formal school system was the first project which started at Ban Pho...

Adaptation of the T cell activation threshold may be one mechanism to control autoreactivity. To investigate its occurrence in vivo, we engineered a transgenic mouse model with increased TCR-dependent excitability by expressing a Zap70 gain-of-function mutant (ZAP-YEEI) in postselection CD8 thymocytes and T cells. Increased basal phosphorylation of the Zap70 substrate linker for activation of T...

The most classic hemodynamic concept explaining the increased mean arterial pressure in hypertension reflects an increased total peripheral resistance dynamically and an increased wall-to-lumen ratio to suppress smaller arteries. However, a more current consideration takes into account not only that steady component but also the pulsatile component of blood pressure, a point that importantly mo...

Published data on earthquake-associated peripheral nerve injury is very limited. Ultrasonography has been proven to be efficient in the clinic to diagnose peripheral nerve injury. The aim of this study was to assess the role of ultrasound in the evaluation of persistent peripheral nerve injuries 1 year after the Wenchuan earthquake. Thirty-four patients with persistent clinical symptoms and neu...

the epigenetic alterations like histone modifications , dna methylation and others remarkable categories  including nucleosome remodeling and rna mediated targeting have been strongly investigated  recently .in this way , beside the notable importance of dna methylation ,the histone modifications are the most important issues in the  tumorogenesis and cancer progression. moreover, the fluctuati...

Background: The appendix is considered as part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue; however, lymphocyte subsets in this tissue are not fully defined. Objective: To investigate and compare the function and phenotype of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and appendix of patients with normal and inflamed appendix tissues. Methods: Peripheral blood samples and appendiceal mononuclear cells we...

Perforated diverticulitis is a rare cause of Fournier’s gangrene. Management for these conditions separately well established, however no clear guidelines exist operative management when they present in combination. This case provides suggested approach managing the two concurrently, peripheral hospital.