Chromatography is an analytical technique employed for purification and separation of organic and inorganic substances including characterisation and quantitative measurement of compounds (table). Basically there are two types: l. Gas chromatography (GC), 2. Liquid chromatography (LC). Although discovered in 1906 by Tshett, developed in the 1950s as the GC technique where the mobile phase are g...

We investigate low-temperature transport properties of thin TiN superconducting films in the vicinity of the disorder-driven superconductor-insulator transition. In a zero magnetic field, we find an extremely sharp separation between superconducting and insulating phases, evidencing a direct superconductor-insulator transition without an intermediate metallic phase. At moderate temperatures, in...

Superconductivity and superfluidity are some of the most fundamental and important phenomena of modern physics. However, much theoretical work for such systems so far has been restricted to the onecomponent case. For multicomponent systems, the spectrum of possible topological defects, their structure formation and associated phase transitions, can all be much richer than in the one-component c...

Phase-stepping technique is applied to the analysis of fringe pattern images of BGAs (Ball Grid Arrays) obtained by shadow moiré. Sensitivity of the fringe pattern analysis is demonstrated to be significantly increased. Thermally induced warpage of BGAs is successfully measured in real-time as the sample is driven through a simulated reflow process. The paper discusses the technique of phase st...

We locally investigate the electronic transport through individual tunnel junctions containing a 10 nm thin film of vanadium dioxide (VO2) across its thermally induced phase transition. The insulator-to-metal phase transition in the VO2 film collapses the Hubbard gap (experimentally determined to be 0.4 ± 0.07 V), leading to several orders of magnitude change in tunnel conductance. We quantitat...

A variety of oxide glasses and glass-ceramics that contain thermally or optically developed nanostructures will be described along with the properties that derive from the nano-phase, or structural rearrangement. The derived properties include photosensitive, photochromic, photoadaptable color, photorefractive (induced refractive index), photo-machinable, and polarizing.

Mesophase separation has been identified in a polycation/anionic-nonionic mixed micelle system formed by the coacervation of poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride)/sodium dodecylsulfate-Triton X-100 in 0.40 M NaCl. The resultant dense, optically clear fluid was studied by turbidity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and rheology. The presence of two diffusion modes in DLS points to microscopic het...