modern scientific cosmology, having grounded itself in materialism, rebuts any theocentric explanation of the world as unnecessary and irrational. stephan hawking, being a prominent figure in this field, seeks to demonstrate that the world has come to existence by chance or necessity through an antitheistic argument based on big bang theory. regarding the metaphysical dimensions of the discours...

as a one of the most important figures of speech among linguistic phenomena, metonymy is considered to be a factor involved in understanding the meaning of the speaker's intention correctly, hence it is frequently investigated from various aspects of literature, principles of jurisprudence and theology. ibn jinni was a famous grammarian and linguist in the 4th century a.h (10th century ad) who ...

sometimes there comes a pronoun after a common [individual], which has apparently been used as the object of a legal decision (ḥukm), and by means of external evidence, the certainty is achieved that this pronoun refers to some common individuals. then, the question arises as to whether reference of the pronoun to some common individuals would cause its designation or the common generality cont...

This paper is concerned with metamathematical properties of intuitionistic set theories with choice principles. It is proved that the disjunction property, the numerical existence property, Church’s rule, and several other metamathematical properties hold true for Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory and full Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel augmented by any combination of the principles of ...