The paper presents a set-theoretical definition of the classification problem, and then discusses and illustrates by examples the application of the variable-valued logic system VL. to the synthesis of minimal (or simplest) classification rules under cost (or simplicity) functionals designed by a user from available criteria.

This paper addresses the question whether innovation is within reach for small enterprises in developing economies by studying four cases of new technologies, products and business practices in traditional craft in Northern Vietnam. The paper starts with reviewing definitions of innovation since Schumpeter. It concludes that newness, value creation and process are time and again considered as t...

Our main purpose in this paper is to start a process of a systemic definition of the notion of information and to provide some initial practical consequences of it. We will try to do that providing: 1) a conceptual definition, following Ackoff’s (1962) description and method of such a kind of definition, and 2) following Peirce’s (1931-5,1958) conception of “meaning”, where the practical conseq...

Recent experiments on light-harvesting complexes have shown clear indication of coherent transport of excitations in these aggregates. We discuss the theoretical models that have been used to study energy transfer in molecular aggregates, beginning with the early models of Förster and Davydov and ending with the theoretical models of the present day.

Circular Dorsal Ruffles (CDRs) have been known for decades, but the mechanism that organizes these actin waves remains unclear. In this article we systematically analyze the dynamics of CDRs on fibroblasts with respect to characteristics of current models of actin waves. We studied CDRs on heterogeneously shaped cells and on cells that we forced into disk-like morphology. We show that CDRs exhi...

Several theoretical models describing how stressor-strain relationships unfold in time (e.g., M. Frese & D. Zapf, 1988) were tested with a longitudinal study, with 6 measurement waves, using multivariate latent growth curve models. The latent growth curve model made it possible to decompose trait and state components of strains and to show that both trait and state components are affected by wo...

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze collaborations between artists and engineers working together in the making of computer art in Sweden 1967−1986. The paper is based on interviews with artists and engineers who collaborated during this time. By using the theoretical concept “coconstruction,” I map the phenomenon and discuss the driving forces behind the social, as well as the eco...

The Big Bang frame of work for cosmology is a theoretical construct based upon one possible interpretation of the Hubble observation of the red shift from distant galaxiwa. Almost all of the scientific experimental evidence has been interpreted under the Big-Bang hypothesis. And the results have been very promising though with a few important drawbacks. The main point in our present work is to ...