the political approach of shaykh zāhid gīlānī paved the way for shaykh ṣafī al-dīn ardabīlī’s political thinking and his closeness to the power-holders of the time. in addition to acquiring the rules and manners of sufism, shaykh ṣafī al-dīn learned from his master the political approaches for expanding his sufi order, as well. these approaches turned into a political movement in the safavid or...

Although Sufi-led political parties have been active in Bangladesh for almost four decades, they received little scholarly attention. Therefore, this article discusses the historical context within which post-independence Sufi/Pir-centred emerged, their interaction with other parties, and electoral performance. It also touches upon some basic issues relating to Pir-cum leaders: once a Pir becom...

talking about ego, in the sufis’ works, two terms of “endeavor” and “austerity” have been sometimes used focused on each other and sometimes alone. did they have similar definitions and positions in sufis’ opinion or had they been different from each other? we claim that “endeavor” and “austerity” had had different positions and of course different definitions in old texts.  it was made clear, ...

defamiliarization, the artistic technique of presenting to audiences common things in an unfamiliar or strange way in order to enhance perception of the familiar, is the main function of artistic literature. paradox is one of its techniques. paradox is used either syntactically or semantically. ibn al-farid was a mystic sufi poet gifted by mystical perceptions in addition to his poetic talents....