THE Society of Arts and Sciences at Utrecht have propofed the following queftion for a prize of thirty ducats: " Is the planting of trees in great towns and their environs falutary, or hurtful to the health of the inhabitants j Do their exhalations purify or corrupt the air; and what fpecies of trees do the molt, or the leafl good or harm ? The diffcrtationsareto be fentto M. Van-Haeften, Secre...

Altruism is a malleable notion that is understood differently in various disciplines. The common denominator of most definitions of altruism is the idea of unidirectional helping behaviour. However, a closer examination reveals that the term altruism sometimes refers to the outcomes of a helping behaviour for the agent and its neighbours – that is, reproductive altruism – and sometimes to what ...

Chemift was born at Halberftadt in 1692, and graduated at Halle in Saxony. His inaugural difcourfe was on the fulphur of metals. In 1718 he was admitted of the Academy, and about the fame time was appointed Profeffor of the Theory of Chemiftry in the College of Phyfic and Surgery at Berlin. He died on the 29th of March 1777, aged eighty-five years, leaving feveral daughters. His Lithogeogncfia ...

TH E academy of fciences at Dijon hav<* propofed the following fubjeft for a prizp of three hundred livres value : "To determine " with greater precifion than hath been hitherto u done, the charafteriftic fymptoms of intermit" .tent fevers, and to point out in the cleareft " manner the circumftances in which febrifuge " remedies may be employed with advantage, ki and without danger to the lick....

As remarked in the Introduction to this volume, there are two different phenomena that have been comprehended under the title of ‘generics’: (a) reference to kinds and (b) some statements of generality. Reference to kinds is a feature of (some) noun phrases, since it is (some) NPs that can accomplish reference. Meanwhile, generic statements involve an entire sentence, since it is entire sentenc...

Philosophical logic studies the relationships between philosophical stands and logic as well as the logical and philosophical consequences that can be drawn from these connections. There is a good deal of results in this area spread over the second half of last century and, these days, there seems to be a renewed interest in this topic perhaps due to the introduction of ontological concerns in ...

According to one theory, the brain is a sophisticated hypothesis tester: perception is Bayesian unconscious inference where the brain actively uses predictions to test, and then refine, models about what the causes of its sensory input might be. The brain’s task is simply continually to minimise prediction error. This theory, which is getting increasingly popular, holds great explanatory promis...

Contents 1. Introduction 426 2. G ¨ odel's position in the 1950's—a stalemate 428 2.1. Inconclusive arguments 428 2.2. Realism and rationalism 430 2.3. Epistemological parity 434 2.4. A way out? 437 3. G ¨ odel's turn to Husserl's transcendental idealism 439 3.1. Varieties of idealism 439 3.2. G ¨ odel and German Idealism 440 3.3. The turn to Husserl's transcendental idealism 443 3.4. G ¨ odel'...