1 Abstract I use aggregate and industry-level data for a group of OECD countries for the period 1973 to 1991 to estimate a system implied by a model of R&Dinduced growth that relates R&D intensity, productivity, and output growth. I find evidence of positive long-run impact of R&D intensity on productivity and, ultimately, on the growth rate of output. The null hypothesis that growth is not ind...

2 In 1998, the OECD initiated a high-priority activity, to revise existing Test Guidelines and to develop new Test Guidelines for the screening and testing of potential endocrine disruptors (8). One element of the activity was to update the existing OECD guideline for “repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents” (TG 407) by parameters suitable to detect endocrine activity of test subst...

Using a panel of OECD and non-OECD economies, we estimate the effects three types government expenditure (compensation employees, use goods services investment) social benefits on output, private consumption investment. In find that compensation employees investment generate significantly positive multipliers, whereas does not. However, only multipliers are found higher during recessions for ho...

agriculture has a key role to play in reducing poverty and hunger in many developing countries. about 75% of the world's poor live in rural areas and most are dependent on agriculture and related activities in the rural economy. for this reason the benefits for developing countries’ farmers have been shown to be substantial if oecd member countries reformed their agricultural policies. the issu...

1. OECD Guidelines are periodically reviewed in the light of scientific progress, changing regulatory needs, and animal welfare considerations. The original acute inhalation Test Guideline 403 (TG 403) was adopted in 1981 (1). This revised TG 403 has been designed to be more flexible, to reduce animal usage, and to fulfil regulatory needs. The revised TG 403 features two study types: a Traditio...

Many of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries use global budgeting to control all or certain portions of their health care expenditures. Although the use of global budgets as a cost-containment tool has not been implemented in the United States in any comprehensive way, recent health care reform initiatives have increased the need for research into such tools. In g...

1. The OECD Test Guideline Programme periodically reviews progress in test method development and refinement, both in terms of scientific advances and animal welfare, to determine whether existing Test Guidelines should be updated and whether new Guidelines should be developed. Toward that end, a new assay for the determination of skin sensitisation in the mouse, the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLN...

1. OECD guidelines are available for a wide range of in vitro mutation assays that are able to detect chromosomal and/or gene mutations. However, while in vivo assays in somatic tissues are desirable components of a thorough genetic toxicity testing programme, aside from the little-used (Wahnschaffe et al., 2005) rodent Spot Test (TG 484), OECD guidelines are available only for assays capable o...

1. The OECD initiated a high-priority activity in 1998 to revise existing guidelines and to develop new guidelines for the screening and testing of potential endocrine disrupters (1). One element of the activity was to develop a Test Guideline for the rat Hershberger Bioassay. After several decades of use by the pharmaceutical industry, this assay was first standardized by an official expert co...

In response to this need, the OECD devotes a major effort to the development and analysis of quantitative, internationally comparable indicators, which are published annually in Education at a Glance. These indicators enable educational policy makers and practitioners alike to see their education systems in the light of other countries’ performances and, together with OECD’s country policy revi...