[1] The multi‐stage eruption of the Icelandic volcano Laki beginning in June, 1783 is speculated to have caused unusual dry fog and heat in western Europe and cold in North America during the 1783 summer, and record cold and snow the subsequent winter across the circum‐North Atlantic. Despite the many indisputable impacts of the Laki eruption, however, its effect on climate, particularly during...

[1] Two distinct roles of the Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs), namely, the North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) SST and the Atlantic Niño, on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability are investigated using the observational data from 1980 to 2010 and coupled model experiments. It appears that the NTA SST and the Atlantic Niño can be used as two independent predictors for predicting...

With amplified warming and record sea ice loss, the Arctic is the canary of global warming. The historical Arctic warming is poorly understood, limiting our confidence in model projections. Specifically, Arctic surface air temperature increased rapidly over the early 20th century, at rates comparable to those of recent decades despite much weaker greenhouse gas forcing. Here, we show that the c...

1. Introduction The US CLIVAR (Climate Variability and Prediction) Program, now in its eighth year, was designed to investigate the season-to-season, year-to-year, and decade-to-decade fluctuations in the climate. These climate variations influence nearly all spheres of human activity: our clothing, shelter, and energy needs; our ability to grow crops and raise livestock for food and fiber; and...

Abstract Accurate representation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in global climate models is crucial for reliable future predictions and projections. In this study, we used 42 coupled atmosphere–ocean to analyze low-frequency variability AMOC driven by North Oscillation (NAO). Our results showed that influence simulated NAO on differs significantly between models. We l...