this paper develops a closed-loop supply chain including one manufacturer, one retailer and a third party, in which the manufacturer produces a product under appropriate quality and sells it through a retailer in the market. the retailer pays the expense of marketing effort and a third party collects the used products from consumers and sends to the manufacturer. the manufacturer remanufactures...

linary diagram of power (Davis, 1977; Vatcher, 1965). Indeed, the diagram of the laager— the closed circular formation of ox-wagons used by Voortrekkers when drawing-up battle formation—does, when extrapolated to multiple scales, seem to have been the pre-eminent (spatial) diagram for dealing with threatening forces throughout White South African history —the company garden and fort established...

Respect and reverence for water and trees are institutionalised in many ancient civilisations due to socio-cultural traditions, values and beliefs. In Iranian societies, respect for trees and water, separately and in composite form as gardens, is a well-known cultural value both before and after Islam. Therefore, the first part of this paper explains the value and importance of plants and ga...

This article looks at the immigration profile of Austrian centre right. It examines whether People’s Party (ÖVP) can be considered an anti-immigrant party by systematically analysing party’s electoral manifestos from 1994 to 2019. From previously more ambiguous positions, identifies amplification restrictive positions after 2017. In 2017 and 2019, plays a key role, with strong focus on Muslim i...