Past research reveals a tension between children's preferences for egalitarianism and ingroup favoritism when distributing resources to others. Here we investigate how children's evaluations and expectations of others' behaviors compare. Four- to 10-year-old children viewed events where individuals from two different groups distributed resources to their own group, to the other group, or equall...

Virtual embodiments of people in groupware systems provide a wealth of information to others in the group. They allow for explicit gestural communication, and they provide implicit awareness information about people’s locations and activities. However, the constraints of current networked groupware limit the effectiveness of these kinds of communication. This paper investigates how embodiments ...

The Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev invariant of classical link diagrams is generalized to virtual link diagrams. This invariant is unchanged by the framed Reidemeister moves and the Kirby calculus. As a result, it is also an invariant of the 3-manifolds represented by the classical link diagrams. We generalize this invariant to virtual link diagrams. This result is used to demonstrate that there are...

Robust learning experiments confront participants with structurally different decision environments which they encounter, furthermore, repeatedly. Forward looking deliberation (the shadow of the future) can be detected by anticipation of rule changes. Adaptation to past success (the shadow of the past) is revealed when playing the same game repeatedly. The experiments of bidding behavior, reput...

The authors investigated the associations between attachment, empathy, rumination, forgiveness, and depressive symptoms via the framework of attachment theory. Participants (N = 221; 141 F and 80 M) completed a battery of questionnaires. We hypothesized that (a) anxious and avoidant attachment would be negatively linked to dispositional forgiveness; (b) the anxious attachment–forgiveness link w...

The paper analyses the economic policies of the Fujimori government in Peru, 1990-2000. It explores the extent to which such policies represented a return to Peru's historical dependence on the primary sector. In so far as it is a return to the past, are there lessons to be learnt from history? Her warm thanks go to the family of Carlos Rodriguez Pastor, the Fundación Carlos Rodriguez Pastor an...

Rules, regulations, and policies are the basis of civilized society and are used to coordinate the activities of individuals who have a variety of goals and purposes. History has taught that over-regulation (too many rules) makes it difficult to compete and under-regulation (too few rules) can lead to crisis. This implies an optimal number of rules that avoids these two extremes. Rules create b...

The underlying principle of the DR-LINK System is that retrieval must be at the conceptual level, not the word level. That is, a successful retrieval system must retrieve on the basis of what people mean in their query, not just what they say in their query. The same is true of documents their representation needs to capture the content at the conceptual level of expression. To accomplish this ...

In this article, we focus particularly on the instructional contexts of classrooms. We discuss five interrelated questions: (a) How has classroom context been defined? (b) Why is classroom context important to study? (c) How have classroom and instructional contexts been studied? (d) What are the essential components for studying the instructional contexts of classrooms? (e) What are the future...

The Emergence of Male Leadership in Competitive Environments We present evidence from an experiment in which groups select a leader to compete against the leaders of other groups in a real-effort task that they have all performed in the past. We find that women are selected much less often as leaders than is suggested by their individual past performance. We study three potential explanations f...