IL-9 is a pleiotropic cytokine, for which an overarching role in humans remains elusive. Recent research shows that Interleukin 9 (IL-9) and its receptor, IL-9R, are predominantly expressed by skin-tropic T helper 2 (TH2) cells. This hence suggests autocrine or paracrine signals play important cutaneous immunity allergy. Yet, the mechanism of action incompletely understood. Here, we aimed at de...

Abstract Vaccines have shown remarkable protection against COVID-19, but vaccination-enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) following breakthrough infections poses safety concerns. SARS-CoV-2 Spike (SARS-2 S) protein subunit vaccines induced VAERD in hamsters, where aluminum adjuvant primed a Th2-biased immunization, resulting elevated type 2 pulmonary inflammation animals with infections. To fur...

Childhood asthma is typically associated with a polarized Th2 response to inhaled allergens and is influenced by genetics. Yang et al. show that the asthma susceptibility gene DENND1B controls cytokine production in Th2 lymphocytes by controlling the rate of TCR internalization and routing to endosomes, providing a molecular basis for how DENND1B contributes to asthma pathogenesis.

Editor—We investigated the effect of different concentrations of morphine and tramadol on the differentiation of human adult helper T cells in vitro. Twenty outpatients without any immune diseases were selected and their peripheral blood was collected. Whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were pretreated with different concentrations of morphine or tramadol for 48 h, while ...

Allogeneic transfusion seems to drive the immune system toward a Th2 response and away from a Th1 response, providing a hypothetical mechanism for transfusion-induced immunomodulation. By means of an intracytoplasmic cytokine detection technique with flow cytometry, it is possible to measure Th1 and Th2 cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This study evaluated the presence of ...

Severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA) has been associated with T-helper type 2 (Th2) inflammatory response. A good understanding of T cell functions in is important for therapy, especially the choice biological treatments severe cases. Mepolizumab, an IL-5 antagonist, indicated treatment asthma. Regulatory cells (Tregs) suppress inflammation by secreting cytokines that inhibit Th2 proliferation. We ...

One theory of immune regulation involves homeostasis between T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) activity. The Th1/Th2 hypothesis arose from 1986 research suggesting mouse T-helper cells expressed differing cytokine patterns. This hypothesis was adapted to human immunity, with Th1- and Th2-helper cells directing different immune response pathways. Th1 cells drive the type-1 pathway ("cellular...

Helper T (Th) cells are a crucial component of the adaptive immune system and are of fundamental importance in orchestrating the appropriate response to pathogenic challenge. They fall into two broad categories defined by the cytokines each produces. Th1 cells produce interferon- gamma and are required for effective immunity to intracellular bacteria, viruses and protozoa whereas Th2 produce IL...

UNLABELLED The adaptive immune response is tightly regulated by complex signals in dendritic cells (DCs). Although Th2 polarization is dictated by defined functional DC subsets, the molecular factors that govern the amplitude of these responses are not well understood. Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor that negatively regulates the activation of numerous immune cells in res...